(a)
To determine: The redox pair out of NAD+/NADH and pyruvate/lactate that has the greater tendency to lose electrons.
Introduction: The coenzyme being used in the “oxidation-reduction” reactions in the cell associated with the
(a)
Explanation of Solution
Explanation:
The capability of gaining electrons by any compound is termed as standard reduction potential. The capability increases with the greater value of
The value of
(b)
To determine: The redox pair out of NAD+/NADH and pyruvate/lactate that is the stronger oxidizing agent.
Introduction:
The coenzyme being used in the “oxidation-reduction” reactions in the cell associated with the cellular respiration is known as Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). It acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain (ETC).
(b)
Explanation of Solution
Explanation:
The “oxidizing agent” is the term for the compound, which can easily acquire electrons. The NAD+/NADH have more capability to lose electrons. So, the NAD+/NADH are the strong reducing agent. Therefore, the pyruvate/lactate is stronger oxidizing agent.
(c)
To determine: The direction, in which the reaction proceeds if the reactants have a concentration of 1M and product at pH 7and at 25°C.
Introduction:
The coenzyme being used in the “oxidation-reduction” reactions in the cell associated with the cellular respiration is known as Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). It acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain (ETC).
(c)
Explanation of Solution
Explanation: All the given conditions are favorable for the proceeding of reaction in further direction. This will result in formation of lactate from pyruvate. The equation is given below:
Conclusion:
The reaction will proceed in right direction with given conditions.
(d)
To determine: The standard free energy for conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
Introduction:
The biochemical process, in which conversion of a sugar molecule (glucose) into lactic acid molecule takes place and cellular energy is released is called lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the animal cells, such as muscle cells and bacteria. The pyruvate molecule is utilized in the reaction and two molecules of lactic acid are formed. The products, such as cheese and yogurt are formed by the use of lactic acid fermentation. One enzyme which is involved in catalyzing the reaction is lactate dehydrogenase.
(d)
Explanation of Solution
Explanation:
The
The summation of the reactions is as follows:
The “standard free-energy change” for an “oxidation-reduction reaction” is directly proportional to the “difference in standard reduction potentials” of “two half-cells”. The formula is
Conclusion:
The standard free energy for conversion of pyruvate to lactate is -26kj/mol.
(e)
To determine: The equilibrium constant for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate.
Introduction:
The biochemical process, in which conversion of a sugar molecule (glucose) into lactic acid molecule takes place and cellular energy is released is called lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the animal cells, such as muscle cells and bacteria. The pyruvate molecule is utilized in the reaction and two molecules of lactic acid are formed. The products, such as cheese and yogurt are formed by the use of lactic acid fermentation. One enzyme which is involved in catalyzing the reaction is lactate dehydrogenase.
(e)
Explanation of Solution
Explanation:
The value of gas constant
The equation
The value of
Conclusion:
The equilibrium constant for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is
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