MICROBIOLOGY W/ACCESS
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781266808685
Author: Cowan
Publisher: MCG
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 10CTQ
HIV predominantly infects T helper cells, cells that are responsible for coordinating B- and T-cell activity. Based upon this information, explain why HIV-infected individuals are at a very high risk for developing microbial infections.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
“T-lymphocytes are the most important arm of the immune response in protecting the community against virus infection.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain your reasoning in detail
Describe in detail what is meant by a "self- restricted/ self-tolerant" T cell. A diagram is helpful here.
In HIV, helper T cells are affected. Describe how this impacts both the humoral and cell- mediated immune system. Why would an ordinary cold virus be dangerous to an AIDS patient?
Chapter 14 Solutions
MICROBIOLOGY W/ACCESS
Ch. 14.1 - Summarize the three lines of host defenses.Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2AYPCh. 14.1 - Discuss the role of normal biota as a first-line...Ch. 14.2 - Define marker, and discuss its importance in the...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 14.3 - List the components of the mononuclear phagocyte...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 7AYPCh. 14.3 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 14.3 - Name six types of blood cells that function in...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 2CFCh. 14.4 - List the four major categories of nonspecific...Ch. 14.4 - Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe...Ch. 14.4 - Outline the steps in inflammation.Ch. 14.4 - Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in...Ch. 14.4 - Compare and contrast the three different...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 14 - Prob. 1CFCh. 14 - Ail example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to...Ch. 14 - Which nonspecific host defense is associated with...Ch. 14 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 14 - Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 14 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 14 - Which of the following substances is/are not...Ch. 14 - Which of the following is the end product of the...Ch. 14 - The liquid component of clotted blood is called...Ch. 14 - Prob. 12TFCh. 14 - Prob. 13TFCh. 14 - Prob. 14TFCh. 14 - Prob. 15TFCh. 14 - Prob. 1CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 3CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 4CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 5CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 6CTQCh. 14 - Prob. 7CTQCh. 14 - a. Inflammation is characterized by heat, pain,...Ch. 14 - Prob. 9CTQCh. 14 - HIV predominantly infects T helper cells, cells...Ch. 14 - Prob. 1CCCh. 14 - Prob. 2CCCh. 14 - Prob. 3CCCh. 14 - Prob. 4CCCh. 14 - Prob. 1VCCh. 14 - Prob. 1CM
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- According to the clonal selection theory, all immunoglobulin molecules in an individual B cell have the same antigenic specificity. Explain why the presence of IgM and IgD on the same B cell does not violate the nonspecificity implied by clonal selection.arrow_forwardThe current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.arrow_forwardGenerally, polysaccharides are not good antigens, because B cells that recognize them cannot get T-cell help. But for some pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae opsonization by antibodies that bind the thick polysaccharide "capsule" layer surrounding the bacteria is the major mechanism of clearing the infection. As expected, a pure polysaccharide vaccine is not terribly effective, but much better immunity is achieved by vaccinating with a polysaccharide covalently linked "conjugated" to an unrelated protein. Explain how this conjugate vaccine allows B cells capable of making anti-polysaccharide antibodies.arrow_forward
- Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the receptors of helper T cells. Explain the mechanisms and why it is that such an interaction or signal does not usually result in an autoimmune reaction?arrow_forwardDescribe in chronological order the steps involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissue sites during an innate immune response. Use the following terms in your description: rolling adhesion, tight binding, extravasation, migration, inflammatory mediators, integrins, adhesion molecules, chemokines, selectins, sialyl-Lewisx, and basement membrane proteases.arrow_forwardTrue or False: In non-disseminated infections, Mycobacterium species are restrained by type-1 responses which increase macrophage phagocytic activity, NK and T cell activation. True or False: The low-affinity Fcε receptor (FcεRII/CD23) on mast cells will bind to IgE in tissues in the absence of antigen.arrow_forward
- Explain the process of B cell clonal selection (remember to mention the cells originated in this process with their functions).arrow_forwardPus is both a sign of infection and an indicator ofimmune defenses in action. Explain.arrow_forwardName two cytokines that are thought to be involved in the inflammatory response to viruses (cite your source). Describe a component of the innate immune response to viral infection (name it and explain how it works. Be sure you are talking about something that protects you from viruses.)arrow_forward
- Describe how phagocytes recognize foreign cells. Explain the mechanism phagocytes use to kill engulfed cells. List some ways pathogens avoid the consequences of phagocytosis. Describe the cause, advantages and disadvantages of fever. Define complement and its role in host defensearrow_forwardInterferon aims to protect cells against which of the following? 1) Intracellular bacteria 2) Helminth infection 3) Viral infections 4) Attack by immune complexesarrow_forwardAt 5 months of age, Christina Kitchenman was admitted to the hospital with a fever and a severe non-productive cough that was subsequently determined by immunofluorescence staining to be pneumocystosis, a form of pneumonia caused by an opportunistic yeast-like fungus. Her CD4 T-cell count (220 μl –1) was much lower than expected, at only one-third of her CD8 T-cell count (650 μl –1). Her B-cell count was slightly higher than normal. An immunodeficiency was suspected, so T-lymphocyte functionality tests were carried out, proving that Christina’s T cells did not respond to a specific antigen stimulus involving tetanus toxoid as a recall antigen, even though she had received routine vaccination for tetanus (DPT vaccine) several months previously. Normal T-cell proliferation responses, however, were detected upon exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to either the plant lectin mitogen phytohemagglutinin or to allogeneic B lymphocytes. Further tests revealed hypogammaglobulinemia,…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License