Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Which portion of doxorubicin intercalates into DNA and why it has little difficulty doing so, is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between opposing DNA strands to form the double helix of DNA found in the
Each of these ring systems is
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SG/SM PA +SQUARECAP E
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- These two different C2H6O compounds are called structural (or constitutional) isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but with different connections among their constituent atoms. If you must break and make new bonds in order to convert one structure into the other (not simply rotate the model around), then they are structural isomers. The concept of isomers is very important in organic chemistry and biochemistry. This is also another instance where condensed formulas can be very useful because they can help you distinguish two isomers apart even when you don't have models. Exercise 8) Can your models be interconverted by rotating bonds, or must the bonds be broken first? What does that mean about these two structures?arrow_forwardShown here is a tripeptide, which consists of three amino acids linked together in a chain. Circle and name each amino acid. HO H,N HOarrow_forwardConsider the molecule of chloroform. Its tetrahedral structure is shown. H | CI CCI CI Is this molecule polar? If yes, consider which side of the molecule has partial negative charge and which - partial positive. Then, indicate the direction of the dipole moment relative to the molecule as shown. Non-polar, zero dipole moment. Polar. The dipole vector points along one of the C-Cl bonds. Polar. The dipole vector points along the vertical axis. parallel to the C-H bond. Polar. The dipole vector points along the horizontal axis. Polar. The dipole vector is perpendicular to the plane of the figure.arrow_forward
- Consider the triple alcohol drawn below. It contains all three types (1º, 2º, and 3º) of alcohols (not counting methanol CH3OH). Note that all three O atoms must have two lone pairs of electrons, but these are not shown due to the limitations of my graphics program. OH LOH OH 1a. Directly on the image above, label each chiral center with a “star” (*). 1b. The triple alcohol above is treated with excess HCl. Because there is more HCl than needed, all three alcohols will be converted to chloralkanes. That is, all three alcohol groups will be undergo nucleophilic substitution to form three chloroalkanes. Draw the structures of ALL resulting products (there will obviously be more than one structure). 3° alcohols react exclusively via the SNl mechanism, while 1° alcohols go exclusively via SN2. The textbook is a bit wishy-washy about 2° alcohols, so for the purpose of this HW, assume an SN1 mechanism. There is no need to indicate the absolute configurations on any of your structures, but…arrow_forwardWhich of these is a hydroxyl group? A large organic molecule with different functional groups. A group marked A consists of a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. A group marked B consists of a phosphorus atom with four oxygen atoms. One of these oxygen atoms is connected to the phosphorus by a double bond. All other bonds are single. Two oxygen atoms have negative charges. A group marked C consists of a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond. A group marked D consists of an oxygen atom connected to a hydrogen atom. The group marked E consists of a sulfur atom connected with a hydrogen atom. A group marked F consists of a carbon atom, which is connected to one oxygen atom by a double bond and the other oxygen atom by a single bond. This last mentioned oxygen atom also has a hydrogen attached. EDACFarrow_forwardYour chemistry professor draws a number of molecules on the board: (1) CH4 ; (2) H2C=CH2 ; (3) H2C=C=CH2 ; and (4) H2C=C=C=CH2. You muse about all the molecules that chemists draw on a two-dimensional board and wonder which ones are actually planar, existing basically as they appear on the board, and which ones are not plane but rather three-dimensional. Answer the following questions. What is the geometry and hybridization of the carbon in CH4? What is the geometry and hybridization of each central carbon atom in the remaining molecules? Draw each molecule showing the bonds and identify each bond in all the molecules as s or p. What are the specific orbital overlaps (i.e., sp3-sp3) that are in each of the molecules? What are the bond angles for each central atom in each molecule? Which molecules are planar and which are non-planar?arrow_forward
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