The Analysis of Biological Data
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781936221486
Author: Michael C. Whitlock, Dolph Schluter
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Red Wine and Weight LossResveratrol, a compound in grapes and red wine, has been shown to promote weight loss in rodents and now in a primate.1 Lemurs fed a resveratrol supplement for four weeks had decreased food intake, increased metabolic rate, and a reduction in seasonal body-mass gain compared to a control group. Suppose a hypothetical study is done for a different primate species, with one group given a resveratrol supplement and the other group given a placebo. We wish to see if there is evidence that resveratrol increases the mean metabolism rate for this species. (This exercise presents hypothetical data. We will see the results from the actual study later in this chapter.)
(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses.Let group 1 be the species taking a resveratrol supplement and let group 2 be the species taking a placebo.
Researchers investigated the possible beneficial effect on heart health of drinking black tea and whether adding milk to the tea reduces any possible benefit. Twenty-four volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Every day for a month, participants in group 1 drank two cups of hot black tea without milk, participants in group 2 drank two cups of hot black tea with milk, and participants in group 3 drank two cups of hot water but no tea. At the end of the month, the researchers measured the change in each of the participants’ heart health.
Did the researchers conduct an experiment or an observational study? Explain.
Why did the researchers include a group who drank hot water but no tea?
Is it reasonable to generalize the results of the study beyond the 24 participants? Explain why or why not.
Researchers are interested in testing the effectiveness of a new immunosuppressive therapy to be used post-transplant to reduce graft failure in the host. Suppose researchers investigating this new therapy are concerned about the dangerous side-effects of the drug. For instance, participants that would like to enroll in the study are not allowed to already have diabetes, as the immunosuppressive agent has been found to drastically increase fasting glucose levels, which could be very dangerous for diabetics. This means, however, that participants that enter and are treated with the new drug may develop diabetes as time goes on. Suppose the following table addresses the incidence of diabetes in the study depending on treatment group. (α=.05)
Type II Diabetes
No Type II Diabetes
Total
Investigational Drug
45
19
64
Best standard of Care
70
123
193
Total
115
142
257
Ho?
Ha?
X2 value?
x2 critical?
Conclusion?
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- In an observational study, it was noticed that people that eat more chocolate tend to have better blood flow than the general population. Researchers wonder whether the improved blood flow might be caused by flavanols (a molecule found in many foods). Dark chocolate contains a high concentration of flavanols, but milk chocolate contains a much lower concentration. How could the researchers design an experiment to determine the effects of flavanol on blood flow from the different types of chocolate?arrow_forwardA strain of genetically engineered cotton, known as Bt cotton, is resistant to certain insects, which results in larger yields of cotton. Farmers in northern China have increased the number of acres planted in Bt cotton. Because Bt cotton is resistant to certain pests, farmers have also reduced their use of insecticide. Scientists in China were interested in the long‑term effects of Bt cotton cultivation and decreased insecticide use on insect populations that are not affected by Bt cotton. One such insect is the mirid bug. Scientists measured the number of mirid bugs per 100 plants and the proportion of Bt cotton planted at 38 locations in northern China for the 12‑year period from 1997–2008. The scientists reported this regression analysis: number of mirid bugs per 100 plants=0.54+6.81× Bt cotton planting proportion ?2=0.90, ?<0.0001 What does the slope b=6.81 say about the relation between Bt cotton planting proportion and number of mirid bugs per 100 plants? - Scientists…arrow_forwardThere have been many studies recently concerning coffee drinking and cholesterol level. While it is known that several coffee-bean components can elevate blood cholesterol level, it is thought that a new type of paper coffee filter may reduce the presence of some of these components in coffee. The effect of the new filter on cholesterol level will be studied over a 10-week period using 300 nonsmokers who each drink 4 cups of caffeinated coffee per day. Each of these 300 participants will be assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group, who will only drink coffee that has been made with the new filter, or the control group, who will only drink coffee that has been made with the standard filter. Each participant’s cholesterol level will be measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Describe an appropriate method for assigning the subjects to the two groups so that each group will have an equal number of subjects. In this study, the researchers chose to include a…arrow_forward
- There have been many studies recently concerning coffee drinking and cholesterol level. While it is known that several coffee-bean components can elevate blood cholesterol level, it is thought that a new type of paper coffee filter may reduce the presence of some of these components in coffee. The effect of the new filter on cholesterol level will be studied over a 10-week period using 300 nonsmokers who each drink 4 cups of caffeinated coffee per day. Each of these 300 participants will be assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group, who will only drink coffee that has been made with the new filter, or the control group, who will only drink coffee that has been made with the standard filter. Each participant’s cholesterol level will be measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Which test would you conduct to determine whether the change in cholesterol level would be greater if people used the new filter rather than using the standard filter? Why would the…arrow_forwardA study was conducted to assess the impact of nutrient enrichment on zooplankton densities in A & B Islands. An ecologist sampled populations of zooplankton in these two locations and observed the nutrient enrichment level was higher in A island when compared with the level in B island. It is predicted the zooplankton densities in A island will be greater than those found in B island.arrow_forwardIn a study conducted in the Science Department of Faculty of Science, Technology and Human Development in a University; the researcher examined the influence of the drug succinylcholine on the circulation levels of androgens in the blood. Blood samples from wild, free-ranging deer were obtained via the jugular vein immediately after an intramuscular injection of succinylcholine using darts and a capture gun. Deer were bled again approximately 30 minutes after the injection and then released. The level of androgens at time of capture and 30 minutes later, measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml), for 15 deers as in Table Q1. Assuming that the populations of androgen at time of injection and 30 minutes later are normally distributed:i) Find the average and standard deviation of this studyii)Determine the critical region of this problem.iii) Test at the 0.05 level of significance whether the androgen concentrations are altered after 30 minutes of restraint.arrow_forward
- An experiment is conducted to see the effect of light intensity on plant growth, what is the dependent variable in this scenario?arrow_forwardDoes the presence of a significant interaction change the interpretation of significant main effects? Provide one example including a minimum of two independent variables.arrow_forwardOutline the components of the classical experimental design. How is it different from a one-group pre-test post-test design?arrow_forward
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