EBK LIFE: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220103935432
Author: Sadava
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 14.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
Whether retrovirus follows the central dogma.
Introduction:
Central dogma defines the process of gene expression inside the cells starting from transcription of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand, to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) strand, and then conversion of RNA to proteins by the translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
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Explain the term retrovirus.
Why are retroviruses so named? What is required to carry outthis process?
What is a retrovirus and how does information flow for a retrovirus differ from that for the infected cell?
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- The genome of a retrovirus can integrate into the host cell genome. What gene is unique to retroviruses, and why is the protein encoded by this gene absolutely necessary for maintaining the retroviral life cycle?arrow_forwardRetroviruses can sometimes increase the likelihood of developing cancer. There are two ways that this can happen. Describe these two ways. arrow_forwardCoronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses? b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below) Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.arrow_forward
- Why are retroviruses important?arrow_forwardHow does the enzyme reverse transcriptase violate the central dogma of molecular biology in HIV.arrow_forwardSimian Virus 40 is carcinogenic in primates. 1). which molecule of the virus 2). what particular property of the molecule that enable the malignant transformation.arrow_forward
- Define human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs)?arrow_forwardFor the mutations described below, categorize them in each of the following ways: [transition, transversion, insertion, or deletion]; [synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift, or regulatory]; [beneficial, deleterious, or neutral] A mutation in the SARS-CoV2 virus changes a codon in the gene encoding the spike protein from AAG to AAC. This mutation increases the ability of the virus to spread from person to person. Becker muscular dystrophy results in progressive wasting of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. A patient is found to have a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) in the first nucleotide of intron 25. Normally, a G is in this position, but the patient has an A. Fur color in house cats is affected by several genes that encode pigment-producing enzymes. One such gene is found to have an additional C after position 45 in orange cats but not in black cats.arrow_forwardSome retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forward
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What Is A Virus ? ; Author: Peekaboo Kidz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY