Concept explainers
Which of these statements about gamma interferon is false?
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- Which of the following statements about interferons is false? Select one: O a. Interferons produced by a virus-infected cell will not save that cell from destruction. b. Interferons produced by virus-infected rabbit cells cannot be used to treat viral diseases in humans. c. Interferons are virus specific. d. Interferons have been used to treat hepatitis C and certain types of cancer.arrow_forwardExplain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Which statement is true about T cells? a. They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells b. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. c. Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. d. They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.arrow_forwardInterferon alpha and beta are released by virally infected cells to warn nearby cells about the virus and try to prevent spread. This is an example of _____ signalling. A. Autocrine B. Endocrine C. Paracrine D. Exocrinearrow_forward
- interferons: a. cause inflammation b. inhibit viral infection c. aid in phagocytosis d. decrease the body temperaturearrow_forwardWhich event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation? a. Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforin and granzyme. b. Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigen presented on the surface of a MHC I molecule. c. Cytotoxic T cells proliferate to form many new cells specific for the same antigen d. Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigen presented on the surface of a TCR.arrow_forwardWhy must antibody treatments like ZMapp be composed of monoclonal antibodies instead of polyclonal antibodies? a. Therapeutic antibodies must all bind the same epitope. b. Therapeutic antibodies must NOT all bind the same epitope. c. Monoclonal antibodies have much higher binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. d. Monoclonal antibodies have much lower binding affinity than polyclonal antibodies. e. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced indefinitely; polyclonal antibodies can only be produced for a short time. IS it B? Can you please explainarrow_forward
- What is the predicted outcome if a patient receives an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant from a family member, and then receives a kidney transplant several months later from the same donor? a. Acute kidney rejection because the patient’s hematopoietic system has been fully reconstituted with patient-derived alloreactive T cells and NK cells. b. Graft-versus-host disease mediated by alloreactive T cells in the transplanted kidney. c. Secondary immune response by patient-derived memory T lymphocytes that were initially activated by the hematopoietic cell transplant. d. The patient is tolerant to alloantigens on the kidney graft and does not require long-term immunosuppressive drugs.arrow_forwardWhich cells produce antibodies? a. Neutrophils. b. Dendritic cells. c. Cytotoxic T cells. d. Plasma cells. The role of the humoral immune response is to a. kill infected cellsb. fight pathogens found in body fluid c. prevent pathogens from entering the body d. initiate an inflammatory responsearrow_forwardWhich of the following explains why dendritic cells, but not macrophages or B cells, contribute to the activation of naive T cells? a. Macrophages and B cells do not express MHC class II molecules until they are activated. b. Dendritic cells upregulate B7 after engaging innate immunity receptors at sites of infection. c. Dendritic cells express higher levels of CTLA4. d. Macrophages and B cells do not process antigen. e. Dendritic cells use Toll-like receptors to hold antigen in place for extended periods of time.arrow_forward
- This chemical is released by virus-infected cells to decrease the spread of virus to nearby cells. a. interferon b. bradykinin c. perforin d. complementarrow_forwardWhich of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection? a. Antibodies b. Leukotrienes c. Interferon d.Histaminearrow_forwardA number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go undetected by cytotoxic T cell degradation by what possible mechanism? a. the production of normal class I MHC molecule b. helper T cell activation c. the deactivation of the complement system d. tumor antigen expression e. the production of the class II major histocompatability (MHC) moledulearrow_forward
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