Identify at least one physical and one chemical factor that prevent microbes from entering the body through each of the following:
- a. urinary tract
- b. reproductive tract
To review:
The physical and chemical factors of the urinary tract and reproductive tract which prevent the entry of microbes.
Introduction:
Innate immunity refers to non-specific defense mechanisms, which acts immediately after the exposure of antigens or foreign substances on the body. On the other hand, adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immunity that adapts the immune system by the formation of immune cells or memory cells for a specific antigen.
The physical and chemical barriers act as a protective coat or first line of defense for skin and mucus membrane against the environmental pathogens. The physical barrier protects the surface of the body, whereas the chemical factors protect the entry of pathogens through the mucous membrane.
Explanation of Solution
- a. Urinary tract:
Physical factor - It involves the cleaning mechanism of the urethra by the excretion of urine.
Chemical factor - The urinary tract contains the lysozyme enzyme in acidic state, which helps to inhibit the entry of microbes.
- b. Reproductive tract:
Physical factor – It helps to move out the microbes from the female reproductive system.
Chemical factor - In the female reproductive system, the chemical factor is involved in two ways; one is to remove the microbes by creating an acidic environment. The creation of acidic conditions mainly arises due to the breakdown of glycogen in vaginal epithelial cells by lactic acid bacteria. Another one is by cervical mucus, which has antimicrobial ability.
The physical and chemical factors that play a major role in nonspecific defense against foreign substances or microbes is a primary immune response of all vertebrates
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Pearson eText Microbiology: An Introduction -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy (5th Edition)
Biological Science
Biology: Concepts and Investigations
Human Anatomy (8th Edition)
- 4) viruses and bacterial toxins can get into the neuronal cell body by retrograde transport. a) true b) falsearrow_forward13) which of the following conditions is caused by a bacterium related to the bacteria that causes tuberculosis? It results in overgrowths on potentially all places on the body. a) leprosy b) none of these are caused by bacterium c) squamous cell carcinoma d) melanomaarrow_forwardAfter experiencing recurrent bacterial infections, you diagnose your patient, Mrs. Watts, with non immune mediated neutropenia. So which of the following would you prescribe to treat her condition (the bacterial infection)? (Please note: she is in generally good health and please think about the possible side effects of your medications.)a. tetracyclineb. streptomycinc. staphylococcal enterotoxin Bd. cyclosporinee. diflucanarrow_forward
- Production of any toxin in the body due to infection can be detected by____________.a) Bio-sensor b) Bio-signals c) Bio-technology d) Bio-chipsarrow_forwardFoodborne pathogens often require the presence of a large number of microbes before an active infection results. These microbes would have a high A.) median infectious dose (ID50). B.) incubation period. C.) virulence. D.) median lethal dose (LD50). E.) mortality.arrow_forward___________ anti-bodies are now used for treatment of cancer.a) Monoclonal b) Diclonal c) Natural d) Artificialarrow_forward
- 21) a decrease in cell mass, reduction, is observed when which of the following conditions are met. a) abundant energy b) abundant amino acids c)growth factors d) all of these e)none of thesearrow_forwardA device that is intended to be left in the body following a medical procedure is known as a(n): A) non-invasive device B) surgically invasive device C) active implantable device D) in-vitro diagnostic devicearrow_forwardhypoxia can a) mediate the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain b) mediate the active transfer of protons through the ATP synthase c) be a mediator to the development of acidosis in your patient d) increase the production of ATP in your patient e) be a catalyst for phagocytosis in your patientarrow_forward
- This drugs in the picture can treat: A) malaria B) cough C) pain D) arrhythmiaarrow_forwardDuring a major infection, you often get a high fever because _____. a) your immune system signals the brain to raise your temperature to limit bacterial growth and speed up phagocytosis b) pathogens damage tissue throughout your body causing an extreme inflammatory response c) your low energy levels prevent the brain from maintaining a negative feedback loop that controls body temperature d) the bacteria in your body produce chemicals that cause the brain to raise you temperature to make the environment more suitable for bacterial growtharrow_forwardDescribe briefly the effects of radiation on the human body. a) Somatic b) Geneticarrow_forward
- Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative a...NursingISBN:9781305964792Author:Wilburta Q. Lindh, Carol D. Tamparo, Barbara M. Dahl, Julie Morris, Cindy CorreaPublisher:Cengage Learning