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You are studying similarities and differences in how organisms respond to high salt concentrations and high temperatures. You begin your investigation by using microarrays to compare gene expression patterns of S. cerevisiae in normal growth conditions, in
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Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach Plus Mastering Genetics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (3rd Edition) (What's New in Genetics)
- Zoey Wong is a research officer at the Department of Biosciences of Tunku Abdul Rahman University College. Her supervisor instructs her to prepare chemically competent cells for heat shock transformation from old batches of competent cells that are already available in the freezers. The competent cells will eventually be used for the expression of a prokaryotic enzyme using the pET vector system. (i) (ii) You found several different strains of Escherichia coli in the -80 C freezer. State three (3) E. coli strains you would use for your project which involves the cloning and expression of the protein of interest. In order for cloning and expression to happen optimally, suggest two (2) types of pET vectors suitable for your project.arrow_forwardCap, EA1, and Sap are all genes/proteins of interest in this study. For each gene, what gene product is encoded and where is the gene (the literal DNA sequence) located physically in the cell? I need help fimiding this in the artticle and answer as short as possible https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/arrow_forwardCystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder affecting a number of organs, including the lung airways, pancreas, and sweat glands. Mutations in both copies of the CFTR gene causes cystic fibrosis. Imagine that you have sweat gland samples from several Cystic Fibrosis patients (A-C) with unknown mutations in CFTR. You also have normal (+) sweat gland sample to use as a positive control. А В С А В С Choose which mutation would explain the RNA and protein results in A, B, & C: 1. Promoter/Regulatory mutation 2. Silent mutation 3. Missense mutation 4. Deletion mutation 5. Splice site mutation 6. Nonsense mutation RNA gel Protein gelarrow_forward
- Consider the gal10D56 reporter gene. In 300 words or fewer, describe 1) the role of GAL7 in galactose metabolism and its importance for cell function 2) the mutation present in the gal10D56 reporter gene 3) the consequence of this mutation for GAL7 expression in wild type cells, 4) the mechanism by which certain mutations can suppress the effects of gal10D56, and 5) the specific purpose for using this reporter gene.arrow_forwardThe figure below shows differential methylation patterns for various genes in samples of 2 embryonic stem cells (ES), 5 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and 4 somatic cells. Some genes were not successfully reprogrammed. Use this figure to answer the following question. which of the following is the most accurate statement about the figure? - The genes in regions A, B, and C, all seem to be expressed in embryonic stem cells, and are silenced primarily in adult cells. - The genes in regions A, B ,and C are active in embryonic stem cells. - HDACs may be acting on genes in regions A, B , and C in the ES cells. - All of the iPSC cells are safe to use in therapy.arrow_forwardIn times of nutrient stress, the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum develops one of two cell types: pre-stalk and pre-spore. Scientists studying this development discovered that the pH of individual cells regulates the type of cell that is formed. Which of the following claims could scientists make about how environmental cues affect the gene expression of Dictyostelium discoideum? A - A response to nutrient deprivation leads to a change in pH that causes mutation in the cells, forming the different cell types. B - A response to nutrient deprivation leads to a change in pH that disrupts the cells, forcing them to develop into certain cell types. C - A response to environmental stress leads to a change in pH that triggers transcription factors to differentiate the cell type that will be formed. D - A response to environmental stress leads to a change in pH and a decrease in transcription factors that differentiate the cell type that will be formed.arrow_forward
- A fluctuation test was carried out to determine the rate of mutation to Azetidine resistance (a toxic proline analog) in S. typhimurium. Twenty tubes of rich medium were each inoculated with a few wild-type cells and the cultures were grown to 10° cells / ml. A 0.1 ml sample of each culture was then plated on each plate (a total of 20 plates) to detect AztR mutants. The results are shown in the following table. Calculate the mutation rate of S. typhimurium to AztR. Culture # # AztR mutants Culture # # AztR mutants 11 12 3 4. 13 14 15 4. 30 303 97 69 14 16 17 18 19 20 10 19arrow_forwardAfter you have successfully cloned Sonic Hedgehog into pSELECT-CCFP-blasti and transfected HEK 293 cells (human embryogenic kidney cells), you observed, using confocal microscopy that the GFP fluorescence displays a reticulate network pattern in the cytoplasm of the cells. Describe an approach you can use to determine the subcellular localization of the Sonic Hedgehog-GFP fusion protein.arrow_forwardFor each of the E. coli strains that follow, indicate theeffect of the genotype on the expression of the trpEand trpC genes in the presence or absence of tryptophan. [In the wild type (R+ P+ o+ att+ trpE+ trpC+),trpC and trpE are fully repressed in the presence oftryptophan and are fully expressed in the absence oftryptophan.]R = repressor gene; Rnproduct cannot bind tryptophan; R− product cannot bind operatoro = operator for the trp operon; o− cannot bind repressoratt = attenuator; att− is a deletion of the attenuatorP = promoter; P− is a deletion of the trp operonpromotertrpE− and trpC− are null (loss-of-function) mutationsa. R+ P− o+ att+ trpE+ trpC+b. R− P+ o+ att+ trpE+ trpC+c. RnP+ o+ att+ trpE+ trpC+d. R− P+ o+ att− trpE+ trpC+e. R+ P+ o− att+ trpE+ trpC−/R− P+ o+ att+trpE− trpC+f. R+ P− o+ att+ trpE+ trpC−/R− P+ o+ att+trpE− trpC+g. R+ P+ o− att− trpE+ trpC−/R− P+ o− att+trpE− trpC+arrow_forward
- You are interested in finding out in which organ GTF2H5 is highly expressed experimentally. Describe a method in recombinant DNA technology to measure gene expression, explain your rationale, and step by step, what are needed for this method to workarrow_forwardIn Caulobacter crescentus development, several proteins are directly involved in generating cell polarity which includes PleC, DivJ, and DivK. These proteins were discovered through genetics, but they are essential genes; which means, cells cannot survive long-term in their absence. However, temperature-sensitive and cold-sensitive mutants have enabled researchers to observe the consequences of the absence of these proteins before the cells die. For each one, answer the following questions: A) What are the consequences (phenotypes) when the function of the protein is lost? Generally these will involve, but are not limited to, positioning of the flagella, pili, and stalk. B) Based on the mechanism of development of cell polarity involving phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of DivK, how do these phenotypes arise?arrow_forwardMicroarrays can be used to determine relative levels of gene expression. In one type of microarray, hybridization of red (experimental) and green (control) labeled cDNAs is proportional to the relative amounts of mRNA in the samples. Red indicates the overexpression of a gene and green indicates the underexpression of a gene in the experimental cells relative to the control cells, yellow indicates equal expression in experimental and control cells, and no color indicates no expression in either experimental or control cells.In one experiment, mRNA from a strain of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (experimental cells) is converted into cDNA and labeled with red fluorescent nucleotides; mRNA from a nonresistant strain of the same bacteria (control cells) is converted into cDNA and labeled with green fluorescent nucleotides. The cDNAs from the resistant and nonresistant cells are mixed and hybridized to a chip containing spots of DNA from genes 1 through 25. The results are shown in the…arrow_forward
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