Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781305445963
Author: PECK
Publisher: Cengage
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Chapter 16.2, Problem 16E
To determine
Test whether the data suggest that surgery increases the mean lung capacity.
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“Passive and Active Smoke” in Appendix B includes cotinine levels measured in a group of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke (n = 40, Mean = 60.58 ng>mL, s = 138.08 ng>mL) and a group of nonsmokers not exposed to tobacco smoke (n = 40, Mean = 16.35 ng>mL, s = 62.53 ng>mL). Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine, meaning that when nicotine is absorbed by the body, cotinine is produced. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke have a higher mean cotinine level than nonsmokers not exposed to tobacco smoke.
Based on your hypothesis tests and confidence intervals, what do you conclude about the effects of second hand smoke? Why?
An article in Plant Disease, "Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer Rates on Severity of Xanthomonas Blight of Syngonium
Podophyllum" (1989, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp. 972-975) showed the effect of the variable nitrogen and potassium rates on the growth of
"White Butterfly" and the mean percentage of disease. Data representative of that collected in this experiment is provided in the
following table.
Potassium (mg/pot/wk)
Nitrogen
(mg/pot/wk) 30
90
120
50
60.8
60.8
45.5
43.0
60.0
58.4
150
54.4
56.1
53.8
51.6
34.5
35.5
250 42.9
40.0
36.1
37.9
33.0
33.3
(a) Use the analysis of variance to test the appropriate hypotheses with a = 0.05.
The effect of the variable nitrogen
significant, the effect of the potassium rates
significant, the interaction
between the variable nitrogen and potassium rates
significant.
(b) Graphically analyze the residuals from this experiment.
The residuals
acceptable.
(c) Estimate the appropriate variance component. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.
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A study assessed the lung destructive index among smokers and non- smokers provided the following data Smokers : overline x 1 =14.5 n 1 =12 S P =2.50 Non- Smokers: overline x 2 =9.5 n 2 =10 a = .05 From the available data, can we conclude that smokers have greater lung damage than non-smokers?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
Ch. 16.1 - Urinary fluoride concentration (in parts per...Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 2ECh. 16.1 - Prob. 3ECh. 16.1 - A blood lead level of 70 mg/ml has been commonly...Ch. 16.1 - The effectiveness of antidepressants in treating...Ch. 16.1 - Prob. 6ECh. 16.1 - Prob. 7ECh. 16.2 - The effect of a restricted diet in the treatment...Ch. 16.2 - Peak force (N) on the hand was measured just prior...Ch. 16.2 - In an experiment to study the way in which...
Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 11ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 13ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 14ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 16ECh. 16.2 - Prob. 17ECh. 16.2 - The signed-rank test can be adapted for use in...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 19ECh. 16.3 - Prob. 20ECh. 16.3 - The given data on phosphorus concentration in...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 22ECh. 16.3 - Prob. 23ECh. 16.3 - The following data on amount of food consumed (g)...Ch. 16.3 - The article Effect of Storage Temperature on the...
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- “Passive and Active Smoke” in Appendix B includes cotinine levels measured in a group of nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke (n = 40, Mean = 60.58 ng>mL, s = 138.08 ng>mL) and a group of nonsmokers not exposed to tobacco smoke (n = 40, Mean = 16.35 ng>mL, s = 62.53 ng>mL). Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine, meaning that when nicotine is absorbed by the body, cotinine is produced. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that nonsmokers exposed to tobacco smoke have a higher mean cotinine level than nonsmokers not exposed to tobacco smoke. 1. Construct a confidence interval estimate of the difference betwen the mean continen levels fo the two groups of nonsmokers. What confidence level would be appropriate? 2. Find the margin of error E using the formula. 3. What is the confidence interval? Explain the meaning of the confidence interal and what the limit represents.arrow_forwardLeft ventricular mass (LVM) is an important risk factor for subsequentcardiovascular disease. A study is conducted to assess the relationship between the size of LVM in children (as determined from an echocardiogram) and the size of LVM four years later in the same individuals. Does LVM change over time in children? Completely conduct the appropriate hypothesis and list any additional necessary assumptions (you can assume that additional assumptions are met by the data) test with alpha =0.01. i Baseline LVM LVM 4 years later 1 134 126 2 86 142 3 78 111 4 73 82arrow_forwardSerum estradiol is an important risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. To better understand the etiology of breast cancer, serum-estradiol samples were collected from 25 premenopausal women (at about the same time period of the menstrual cycle) of whom 10 were Caucasian and 15 were African American. Data were collected on both serum estradiol as well as body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg)/height2 (m2), which is an important measure of overall obesity. The data are shown in Table 9.16. The distribution of serum estradiol is usually highly skewed (especially for premenopausal women), and we are reluctant to assume normality. HW Question: What test can we use to compare the distribution of serum estradiol for Caucasian vs. African American women? Implement the test and report a two-tailed p-value based on large sample methods Here's my approach and I'm not sure if this is correct. I am using the Wilcoxon rank sum test for this problem. Group 1 (African-American): n=15…arrow_forward
- A study was made of 413 children who were hospitalized as a result of motor vehicle crashes. Among 290 children who were not using seat belts, 60 were injured severely. Among 123 children using seat belts, 16 were injured severely (based on data from "Morbidity Among Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Victims: The Effectiveness of Seat Belts," by Osberg and Di Scala, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, No. 3). For this problem we want to know, is there sufficient sample evidence to conclude, at the 0.05 significance level, that the proportion of severe injuries is higher for children not wearing seat belts? Let pi be the proportion of severe injuries among all children not wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Let p2 be the proportion of severe injuries among all children wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Which is the proper expression of Ho? Pi = P2 O Pi P2 Which is the proper expression of H1? O pi P2 Calculate p1 to 4 decimal places: Calculate p,…arrow_forwardWhat is the z statistic and critical z value(s)?arrow_forwardA study was made of 425 children who were hospitalized as a result of motor vehicle crashes. Among 300 children who were not using seat belts, 50 were injured severely. Among 125 children using seat belts, 10 were injured severely (based on data from "Morbidity Among Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Victims: The Effectiveness of Seat Belts," by Osberg and Di Scala, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, No. 3). For this problem we want to know, is there sufficient sample evidence to conclude, at the 0.05 significance level, that the proportion of severe injuries is higher for children not wearing seat belts? Let pi be the proportion of severe injuries among all children not wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Let p2 be the proportion of severe injuries among all children wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Which is the proper expression of Ho? P1 > P2 P1 P2 Calculate p1 to 4 decimal places: Calculate p2 to 4 decimal places: Calculate the pooled sample…arrow_forward
- Blood cocaine concentration (mg/L) was determinedboth for a sample of individuals who had died fromcocaine-induced excited delirium (ED) and for a sampleof those who had died from a cocaine overdose withoutexcited delirium; survival time for people in bothgroups was at most 6 hours. The accompanying datawas read from a comparative boxplot in the article“Fatal Excited Delirium Following Cocaine Use” (J.of Forensic Sciences, 1997: 25–31). ED 0 0 0 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .3 .3.3 .4 .5 .7 .8 1.0 1.5 2.7 2.83.5 4.0 8.9 9.2 11.7 21.0Non-ED 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2.3 .3 .3 .4 .5 .5 .6 .8 .9 1.01.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.0 3.2 3.5 4.14.3 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.4 7.98.3 8.7 9.1 9.6 9.9 11.0 11.512.2 12.7 14.0 16.6 17.8 a. Determine the medians, fourths, and fourth spreadsfor the two samples.b. Are there any outliers in either sample? Any extremeoutliers?c. Construct a comparative boxplot, and use it as abasis for comparing and contrasting the ED andnon-ED samples.arrow_forward27. No Variation in a Sample An experiment was conducted to test the effects of alcohol. Re- searchers measured the breath alcohol levels for a treatment group of people who drank ethanol and another group given a placebo. The results are given below (based on data from "Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Risk Taking, Strategy, and Error Rate in Visuomotor Performance," by Streufert et al., Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 77, No. 4). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the two sample groups come from populations with the same mean. Treatment Group: nj 22, x¡ 0.049, s = 0.015 %3D %3D Placebo Group: n = 22, x, 0.000, s, = 0.000 %3D %3Darrow_forwardThe table below is from a study called “The Epidemiology of Social Stress.” The researchers in this study conduct a series of statistical tests to shed light on the association between social status variables (IVs) and depression (DVs). The left-hand column shows the tests for mean depressive symptom scores (Number of symptoms reported [range:0-50], higher levels indicate higher number of reported depressive symptoms) by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. The right-hand column shows the tests for prevalence of major depressive disorder (has major depression=1; does not have major depression=0), broken down by sex, age, marital status, and occupational prestige. Examine the table and answer questions a)At alpha=.05, what can you conclude about the association between marital status and mean depressive symptom scores? Briefly summarize the findings, and provide a plausible, logical explanation (theory) for the observed association (or lack thereof). b)At alpha =.001,…arrow_forward
- Before/After Treatment Results Captopril is a drug designed to lower systolic blood pressure. When subjects were treated with this drug, their systolic blood pressure readings (in mm Hg) were measured before and after the drug was taken. Results are given in the accompanying table (based on data from “Essential Hypertension: Effect of an Oral Inhibitor of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme,” by MacGregor et al., British Medical Journal, Vol. 2). Using a 0.01 significance level, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that Captopril is effective in lowering systolic blood pressure?arrow_forwardThe economic dynamism, which is the index of productive growth in dollars for countries that are designated by the World Bank as middle-income are in table #7.3.8 ("SOCR data 2008," 2013). Countries that are considered high-income have a mean economic dynamism of 60.29. Do the data show that the mean economic dynamism of middle-income countries is less than the mean for high-income countries? Test at the 5% level. Table #7.3.8: Economic Dynamism of Middle Income Countries 25.8057 37.4511 51.915 43.6952 47.8506 43.7178 58.0767 41.1648 38.0793 37.7251 39.6553 42.0265 48.6159 43.8555 49.1361 61.9281 41.9543 44.9346 46.0521 48.3652 43.6252 50.9866 59.1724 39.6282 33.6074 21.6643arrow_forwardwidely used as dielectrics and coolants in electrical systems in the past. They were found to be a major environmental contaminant in the 1960s. In a study, the mean PCB content at each of thirteen sites was reported for the years 1982 and 1996 (from “The ratio of DDE to PCB concentrations in Great Lakes herring gull eggs and its use in interpreting contaminants data”, Journal of Great Lakes Research 24 (1): 12-31, 1998). The data are below.Site:12345678910111213198261.4864.4745.5059.7058.8175.9671.5738.0630.5139.7029.7866.8963.93199613.9918.2611.2810.0221.0017.3628.207.3012.809.4112.6316.8322.74(a) Which test would be more appropriate in this case: a t-test for the difference between two population means, or a paired t-test? Why?(b) Do the data provide sufficient evidence to support the claim that the mean PCB level has decreased in the region? Be sure to check all assumptions, write the null and alternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, calculate the p-value,…arrow_forward
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