Copepod Cuisine. Copepods are tiny crustaceans that are an essential link in the estuarine food web. Marine scientists C. Weiss et al. at the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory in Maryland designed an experiment to determine whether dietary lipid (fat) content is important in the population growth of a Chesapeake Bay copepod. Their findings were published as the paper “Development and Lipid Composition of the Harpacticoid Copepod Nitocra Spinipes Reared on Different Diets” (Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 132, pp. 57-61). Independent random samples of copepods were placed in containers containing lipid-rich diatoms, bacteria, or leafy macroalgae. There were 12 containers total with four replicates per diet. Five gravid (egg-bearing) females were placed in each container. After 14 days, the number of copepods in each container were as follows.
Diatoms | Bacteria | Macroalgae |
426 | 303 | 277 |
467 | 301 | 324 |
438 | 293 | 302 |
497 | 328 | 272 |
At the 5% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that a difference exists in mean number of copepods among the three different diets? (Note: T1 = 1828, T2 = 1225, T3 = 175, and
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 16 Solutions
Introductory Statistics, Books a la Carte Plus NEW MyLab Statistics with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (10th Edition)
- Captivity can influence immunological responses in some mammals. Seeber et al. (2020) investigated various aspects of immunological responses in captive and free-ranging zebras. One aspect of the study involved samples of 12 free-ranging zebras from Namibia, 9 from Tanzania, and 38 captive zebras from various zoos in Europe. (All of these were non-lactating females.) One of the measured variables from blood samples was lysozyme concentration (μg/L). (Lysozyme is a biomarker of the immune response.) The researchers were interested in investigating possible differences in lysozyme concentration between zebras in the various locations. As part of the analysis, they carried out a one-way ANOVA on the lysozyme concentrations for the zebras from the 3 locations, and found the following output. Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Location 2 50.65 25.33 42.24 6.54e-12Residuals 56 33.57 0.60 Suppose the assumptions of one-way ANOVA…arrow_forwardIn August and September 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused extraordinary flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana. Many homes were severely damaged or destroyed; of those that survived, many required extensive cleaning. It was thought that cleaning flood-damaged homes might present a health hazard due to the large amounts of mold present in many of the homes. The article “Health Effects of Exposure to Water-Damaged New Orleans Homes Six Months After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita” (K. Cummings, J. Cox-Ganser, et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2008:869–875) reports that in a sample of 365 residents of Orleans Parish who had participated in the cleaning of one or more homes, 77 had experienced symptoms of wheezing, and in a sample of 179 residents who had not participated in cleaning, 23 reported wheezing symptoms (numbers read from a graph). Can you conclude that the frequency of wheezing symptoms is greater among those residents who participated in the cleaning of flood-damaged…arrow_forwardCortisol is a hormone that plays an important role in mediating stress. There is a growing awareness that exposure of outdoor workers to pollutants may impact cortisol levels. The article "Plasma Cortisol Concentration and Lifestyle in a Population of Outdoor Workers" (International Journal of Environmental Health Res., 2011: 62-71) reported on a study involving three groups of police officers: 1. Traffic Police (TP) 2. Drivers (D) 3. Other Duties (0) Here is summary data on cortisol concentration (ng/ml) for a subset of the officers who neither drank nor smoked. Group Sample Size Mean SD TP 174.7 50.9 160.2 37.2 153.5 45.9 44 44 44 Assuming that the standard assumptions for one-way ANOVA are satisfied, carry out a test at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the true average cortisol concentration is different for the three groups. If any differences exist, state which groups are different.arrow_forward
- PCBs and Pelicans. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), industrial pollutants, are known to be carcinogens and a great danger to natural ecosystems. As a result of several studies, PCB production was banned in the United States in 1979 and by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. One study, published in 1972 by R. Risebrough, is titled “Effects of Environmental Pollutants Upon Animals Other Than Man” (Proceedings of the 6th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematics and Statistics, VI, University of California Press, pp. 443–463). In that study, 60 Anacapa pelican eggs were collected and measured for their shell thickness, in millimeters (mm), and concentration of PCBs, in parts per million (ppm). The data are on the WeissStats site. a. obtain and interpret the standard error of the estimate. b. obtain a residual plot and a normal probability plot of the residuals. c. decide whether you can reasonably consider Assumptions 1–3 for regression inferences met by the two…arrow_forwardWing Length. D. Cristol et al. published results of their studies of two subspecies of dark-eyed juncos in the paper “Migratory Dark-Eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, Have Better Spatial Memory and Denser Hippocampal Neurons Than Nonmigratory Conspecifics” (Animal Behaviour, Vol. 66, Issue 2, pp. 317–328). One of the subspecies migrates each year, and the other does not migrate. A hypothesis test is to be performed to decide whether the mean wing lengths for the two subspecies (migratory and nonmigratory) are different. a. identify the variable. b. identify the two populations. c. determine the null and alternative hypotheses. d. classify the hypothesis test as two tailed, left tailed, or right tailed.arrow_forwardSuppose a study investigated the effects of vitamin A, vitamin C, and omega-3 fatty acids supplements on improving eye health and vision. 300 adults volunteered to take part in the study. In the study, participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 different levels of Vitamin A (Level A, Level B, or Level C) and randomly assigned to one of 2 different levels of Vitamin C (Level 1 or Level 2) and randomly assigned to one of 2 different levels of omega-3 fatty acid (Level I or Level II). a. Identify the subjects of the study. b. Identify the factor(s) for the study and the number of treatment level(s) for each factor. c. How many different treatment groups are there in this study?arrow_forward
- The article “Effects of Diets with Whole Plant-Origin Proteins Added with Different Ratiosof Taurine:Methionine on the Growth, Macrophage Activity and Antioxidant Capacity ofRainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings” (O. Hernandez, L. Hernandez, et al.,Veterinary and Animal Science, 2017:4-9) reports that a sample of 210 juvenile rainbowtrout fed a diet fortified with equal amounts of the amino acids taurine and methionine for aperiod of 70 days had a mean weight gain of 313 percent with a standard deviation of 25, while 210 fish fed with a control diet had a mean weight gain of 233 percent with a standard deviation of 19. Units are percent. Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference in weight gain on the two diets.arrow_forwardAuto exhaust and lead exposure. Researchers interested in lead exposure due to car exhaust sampled the blood of 52 police officers subjected to constant inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes while working traffic enforcement in a primarily urban environment. The blood samples of these officers had an average lead concentration of 124.32 µg/l and a SD of 37.74 µg/l; a previous study of individuals from a nearby suburb, with no history of exposure, found an average blood level concentration of 35 µg/l. Checking conditions: independence does this situation satisfy independence? Select one: a. Yes. The textbook tells us a sample was taken, and that it was conducted by researchers. I feel confident trusting that the researchers used an independent random sample like they ought to have.#You seem like a trusting person. b. No. Not enough information is given, and I don't trust these so-called "researchers."#You seem like a cynical person. Checking conditions: normality does this…arrow_forwardAll Fresh Seafood is a wholesale fish company based on the east coast of the U.S. Catalina Offshore Products is a wholesale fish company based on the west coast of the U.S. Table #9.2.5 contains prices from both companies for specific fish types ("Seafood online," 2013) ("Buy sushi grade," 2013). Do the data provide enough evidence to show that a west coast fish wholesaler is more expensive than an east coast wholesaler? Test at the 5% level. (Show work) Table #9.2.5: Wholesale Prices of Fish in Dollars Fish All Fresh Seafood Prices Catalina Offshore Products Prices Cod 19.99 17.99 Tilapi 6.00 13.99 Farmed Salmon 19.99 22.99 Organic Salmon 24.99 24.99 Grouper Fillet 29.99 19.99 Tuna 28.99 31.99 Swordfish 23.99 23.99 Sea Bass 32.99 23.99 Striped Bass 29.99 14.99arrow_forward
- The article "Chronic Beryllium Disease and Sensitization at a Beryllium Processing Facility" (K. Rosenman, V. Hertzberg, et al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005:1366–1372) discusses the effects of exposure to beryllium in a cohort of workers. Workers were categorized by their duration of exposure (in years) and by their disease status (chronic beryllium disease, sensitization to beryllium, or no disease). The results were as follows: Duration of Exposure 1 to < 5 <1 25 Diseased 10 23 Sensitized 19 11 Normal 70 136 206 Can you conclude that the proportions of workers in the various disease categories differ among exposure levels?arrow_forwardRock Sparrows. Rock Sparrows breeding in northern Italy are the subject of a long-term ecology and conservation study due to their wide variety of breeding patterns. Both males and females have a yellow patch on their breasts that is thought to play a significant role in their sexual behavior. A. Pilastro et al. conducted an experiment in which they increased or reduced the size of a female’s breast patch by dying feathers at the edge of a patch and then observed several characteristics of the behavior of the male. Their results were published in the paper “Male Rock Sparrows Adjust Their Breeding Strategy According to Female Ornamentation: Parental or Mating Investment?” (Animal Behaviour,Vol. 66, Issue 2, pp. 265–271). Eight mating pairs were observed in each of three groups: a reduced-patch-size group, a control group, and an enlarged-patch-size group. The data on the WeissStats site, based on the results reported by the researchers, give the number of minutes per hour that males…arrow_forwardSickle Cell Disease. A study published by E. Anionwu et al. in the British Medical Journal (Vol. 282, pp. 283–286) examined the steady-state hemoglobin levels of patients with three different types of sickle cell disease: HB SC, HB SS, and HB ST. Use the following boxplots to compare the hemoglobin levels for the three groups of patients, paying special attention to center and variation.arrow_forward
- MATLAB: An Introduction with ApplicationsStatisticsISBN:9781119256830Author:Amos GilatPublisher:John Wiley & Sons IncProbability and Statistics for Engineering and th...StatisticsISBN:9781305251809Author:Jay L. DevorePublisher:Cengage LearningStatistics for The Behavioral Sciences (MindTap C...StatisticsISBN:9781305504912Author:Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. WallnauPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World (7th E...StatisticsISBN:9780134683416Author:Ron Larson, Betsy FarberPublisher:PEARSONThe Basic Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319042578Author:David S. Moore, William I. Notz, Michael A. FlignerPublisher:W. H. FreemanIntroduction to the Practice of StatisticsStatisticsISBN:9781319013387Author:David S. Moore, George P. McCabe, Bruce A. CraigPublisher:W. H. Freeman