PRINC. ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY LL/NEXTGENCARD
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781119829799
Author: Tortora
Publisher: WILEY
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Chapter 17, Problem 12CP
How do receptor potentials arise in photoreceptors?
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Chapter 17 Solutions
PRINC. ANATOMY&PHYSIOLOGY LL/NEXTGENCARD
Ch. 17 - How do basal cells contribute to olfaction?Ch. 17 - What is the sequence of events from the binding of...Ch. 17 - How do olfactory receptor cells and gustatory...Ch. 17 - Trace the path of a gustatory stimulus from...Ch. 17 - 5. Compare the olfactory and gustatory' pathways.
Ch. 17 - What is visible light?Ch. 17 - 7. What is the conjunctiva?
Ch. 17 - Why is the lacrimal apparatus important?Ch. 17 - What types of cells make up the neural layer and...Ch. 17 - 10. Why is aqueous humor important?
Ch. 17 - How do photopigments respond to light and recover...Ch. 17 - How do receptor potentials arise in...Ch. 17 - By what pathway do nerve impulses triggered by an...Ch. 17 - 14. How are sound waves transmitted from the...Ch. 17 - How do hair cells in the cochlea and vestibular...Ch. 17 - What is the pathway for auditory impulses from the...Ch. 17 - Compare the functions of the utricle, saccule, and...Ch. 17 - What is the role of vestibular input to the...Ch. 17 - Describe the equilibrium pathways.Ch. 17 - How do the origins of the eyes and ears differ?Ch. 17 - 21. What changes in the eyes and ears are related...Ch. 17 - Mario has experienced damage to his facial nerve....Ch. 17 - Prob. 2CTQCh. 17 - As you help your neighbor put drops in her...
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- Given these events:(1) Bipolar cells depolarize.(2) Glutamate release from presynaptic terminals of photoreceptorcells decreases.(3) Light strikes photoreceptor cells.(4) Photoreceptor cells are depolarized.(5) Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized.Choose the arrangement that lists the correct order of events, startingwith the photoreceptor cells in the resting, nonactivated state.a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 2,4,3,5,1 c. 3,4,2,5,1 d. 4,3,5,2,1 e. 5,3,4,1,2arrow_forwardDescribe the effects of light on the photoreceptors and explain how these effects influence the bipolar cells.arrow_forwardDescribe the photochemical reaction in the rods and explain how dark adaptation occurs.arrow_forward
- How are Ca2+ channels involved in phototransduction? they cause neurotransmitter release even if no action potentials are produced are not affected by PDE activation in the outer segments when open, they lead to hyperpolarization in photoreceptors in darkness, they do not rely on CGMP levels The density of cones in the retina: is highest where cone outer segments increase in diameter is lowest where retinal blood vessels are absent is drastically less than that of rods in the fovea is indicative of what areas are associated with acuity The recycling of rhodopsin.arrow_forwardWhen light strikes photoreceptors, what takes place?arrow_forwardDetail the separate mechanisms activated in photoreceptor cells in the presence and in the absence of light.arrow_forward
- The correct pathway of activation (by sending neuronal signals) in the retina is bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell retinal ganglion cell - bipolar cell - photoreceptor photoreceptor - bipolar cell - retinal ganglion cell O bipolar cell - photoreceptor - amacrine cellarrow_forwardWhat is the neurotransmitter that is released from photoreceptors onto bipolar neurons? Distinguish between light-on (ON bipolar cells) and light-off (OFFF bipolar cells), and explain how one signal molecule can have opposing effects on theses two cell populations. What is the organization of a visual field? What are the 2 types of ganglion visual fields?arrow_forwardBased on the attached figure (Figure 9.8 in the textbook), what is the actual membrane mechanism mediating the light-induced hyperpolarization of a photoreceptor? (A) Dark Rod outer segment CGMP 0 CGMP CGMP CGMP K+ Rod inner segment Inside Obelecendra EX Ca²+ Na+ Outside Na+ influx, K+ efflux: Depolarization (B) Light Rod outer segment LIELITI CGMP reduced Rod inner segment Ca2+ Na Inside Outside Reduced Na+ influx, K* efflux: Hyperpolarizationarrow_forward
- Explain in detail "Rhodopsin-retinal visual cycle in Rods" with the help of handwritten diagramsarrow_forwardRetinal is therefore a key player that triggers a series of activation in phototransduction (see figure below). Phototransduction in photoreceptor cells Disc membrane 1000000000…………………………. Disc lumen Light Rhodopsin GDP Transducin Photoreceptor cytosol GTP GTP GTP PDE CGMP CGMP inhibition CGMP GMP PDE6i GMP GMP Extracellular environment Plasma membrane 1. Light hits the retinal molecule and changes into an all-trans configuration 2. This change in the retinal conformation activates the rhodopsin photoreceptor 3. The rhodopsin photoreceptor then activates a specific heterotrimeric G protein called transducin. 4. The transducin then activates a downstream protein called PDE. Both PDE and the transducin G protein are attached to the plasma membrane by a lipid anchor. This makes them close to each other and facilitates the activation of PDE by the transducin G protein. The activity of the protein PDE can itself be regulated. It can for example be inhibited by a drug called PDE6i. 7. What…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about photoreceptors is true? A) There are more rod cells in the fovea of the eye, although overall there are more cones in the human eye. B) All of these options C) Photoreceptors are located near the front of the eye, in the cornea. D) There are two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, that contain different photopigments.arrow_forward
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