Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323717271
Author: Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 17, Problem 12TYU
Summary Introduction
To explain: The fidelity of the inheritance of DNA that relates to the evolution processes.
Concept introduction:
Evolution contributes to the diversity of life and, DNA forms the basis of continuity of life. The transmission of traits into next generations is known as the heredity and the heritable information is in the form of DNA. If there is any variation, then the natural selection works during evolution. This may result in different new species.
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Background: DNA nucleotides (i.e A, T, G, and C) are naturally found in a paired, or bonded, arrangement
(i.e. the double helix) within the nucleus of every cell. This structure makes the process of replication that
occurs prior to mitosis and meiosis very reliable. The purpose of DNA, though, is not simply to make copies of
itself, but to provide a set of instructions for the synthesis or "construction" of biomolecules, such as proteins.
Why is transcription (i.e. the formation of an RNA copy of a given gene) a necessary step in the
"construction" process highlighted above? What is the cell looking to ultimately do with this RNA
information?
In a discussion about the origin of life, one student argued that RNA
molecules must have come before DNA molecules. What is the
most likely rationale for this argument?
RNA can both store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions,
which are necessary for self-replication.
RNA is more stable than DNA, making it more suitable for early life
forms.
RNA can replicate faster than DNA, enabling rapid evolution.
RNA can translate genetic information into proteins, whereas DNA
cannot.
Concept 23. A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides.
This concept describes the discovery of the DNA sequencing technique that made modern biology and bioinformatics possible. The method was later used to sequence the human genome and genomes of many other organisms. This led to the accumulation of great numbers of nucleotide and protein sequences in the numerous databases.
The concept 23 web page is here: http://www.dnaftb.org/23/
After reading the Concept page, answer the following questions.
What was the Mendel’s definition of a gene? How was it different from the definition by Beadle and Tatum?
Describe proteins based on the early sequencing efforts.
What was the definition of a protein coding gene based on the genetic code?
What are the beginning and ending codons of the gene’s protein coding sequence?
What is the name of the method that makes use of a “defective” DNA nucleotide?
After reviewing the Animation pages, answer the following…
Chapter 17 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 17.1 - What polypeptide product would you expect from a...Ch. 17.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In a research artide about...Ch. 17.2 - What enables RNA polymerase to start transcribing...Ch. 17.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose X-rays caused a sequence change...Ch. 17.3 - There are about 20,000 human protein-coding genes....Ch. 17.3 - How is RNA splicing similar to how you would watch...Ch. 17.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - What two processes ensure that the correct amino...
Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 17.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 17.4 - WH AT IF? In eukaryotic cells, mRNAs have been...Ch. 17.5 - What happens when one nucleotide pair is lost from...Ch. 17.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Individuals heterozygous for the...Ch. 17.5 - WHAT IF? DRAW IT The template strand of a gene...Ch. 17 - Describe the process of gene expression, by which...Ch. 17 - What are the similarities and differences in the...Ch. 17 - What function do the 5' cap and the poly-A tail...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.4CRCh. 17 - What will be the results of chemically modifying...Ch. 17 - In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of a codon? (A)...Ch. 17 - The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is (A)...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not true of RNA...Ch. 17 - Which component is not directly involved in...Ch. 17 - Using Figure 17.6, identify a 5' 3' sequence of...Ch. 17 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 17 - Would the coupling of the processes shown in...Ch. 17 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 17 - scientific inquiry Knowing that the genetic code...Ch. 17 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 17 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Explain how DNA serves as the genetic material of an organism and how it can be used to create RNA and proteins. Outline the flow of information from DNA to protein (the central dogma of biology).arrow_forwardExplain how cells activate nucleic acids for polymerization. Explain why DNA is stable and why its structure dictates its replication mechanism. Explain why many RNA molecules exhibit tertiary structure, while most DNA molecules do not. Explain how DNA replication occurs from structural and enzymatic perspectives. Develop an understanding of nucleic acid biology outside a natural biological context (such as PCR, etc.)arrow_forward→ 읊 https://openvellum.ecollege.com/course.html?courseld-15183778&HepID=fb9c...☆ @ Pearson Copyright O 2019 Pearson Education Inc. All rights reserved. | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy Permissions I Contact Usarrow_forward
- Models of real-world phenomena can reveal important links between structure and function in biology. Describe how the structure of DNA revealed by theWatson and Crick model suggests how it functions in living things.arrow_forwardExplain how scientists know DNA is the molecule containing genetic information. Describe the structure and components that makeup DNA, including Chargaff's Rules. Describe how DNA is replicated, including the role of helicase and DNA polymerase, and the concept of semi-conservative replication.arrow_forwardShown below is a DNA coding strand. A base (*G*) mutates to Adenine (A). What will be the resulting amino acid sequence as a result of the mutation? What type of mutation occured? Hint: Determine the template, then first determine the amino acid sequence before the mutation, and then determine the amino acid sequence after the mutation. Show how you got your answer. 5' T-A-C-T-T-C-C-A-*G*-C-C-G-C-T-C 3'arrow_forward
- Identify what is false about the following statement: Nonhomologous end joining is a mechanism that ensures that DNA double-strand breaks are repaired with a high degree of fidelity to the original DNA sequencearrow_forwardMake a concept map that includes all of the terms below, and include illustrations of the central concepts. Draw arrows connecting the concepts as appropriate, and label the arrows to indicate the relationship between those concepts. Typically, nouns will be the nodes of the map. Verbs and connecting ideas should be written on the connecting arrows. Illustrations of the central phenomena (replication, transcription, translation) are mandatory, and you must develop your own pictures. You can draw them by hand or use a computer illustrating program to draw, but you may not screenshot images from the internet. DNA RNA protein replicates transcribes translates DNA Polymerase RNA Polymerase Sigma factor dNTP rNTP ribosome supercoiling gyrase origin of replication / OriC aminocoumarins gene operon promoter operator ORF (open reading frame) lacZ lacI lactose glucose Beta-galactosidase LacI 30S 50S 70S mRNA tRNA rRNA aminoglycoside macrolide chloramphenicol rifampin RBS (ribosome binding…arrow_forwardWhich of the following combinations are true of the nucleotide composition of a sample of DNA? SELECT ALL ANSWERS THAT APPLY* C = A and G = T A +T = G+ C AxC = G x T A=T and C = G A-T= G-C A+C = G+ T DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a nitrogen base. DNA is the genetic material that determines the traits of living things and is O O Oarrow_forward
- All the following statements about DNA are true, EXCEPT: O DNA is a double-helix, consisting of a sugar-phosphate backbone. O DNA is made up on nucleotides, which consist of one sugar, one phosphate, and one base. O DNA consists of 4 bases - adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. The two main functions of DNA are to replicate itself and to create proteins (by providing the template for protein synthesis). O The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose.arrow_forward1. State the central dogma of molecular biology. 2. What are Chargaff's rules? 3. Identify the structure of the DNA molecule. 4. Describe transcription. 5. How may mRNA be modified before it leaves the nucleus? 6. What is the genetic code? What are codons? 7. Outline the steps of translation. 8. Define mutation and mutagen. 9. List three examples of mutagens. 10. Identify three types of chromosomal alterations.arrow_forwarda. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. Select from the drop down menus to complete the complimentary strand for the following DNA molecule: A [ Select ] [ Select ] G [ Select ] [ Select ] [ Select ] A [ Select ] [ Select ] [ Select ] [ Select ] > > > > > >arrow_forward
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