Concept explainers
Introduction:
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands or neurosecretory cells into the extracellular fluids. The secreted hormones reach the target cells through the bloodstream, and they stimulate the response of other tissues or cells. Hormones bind only to specific cells based on their corresponding receptors, and they act through chemical signals. They regulate growth, development, blood pressure,
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- 1. Consider the endocrine system and hormones. a) What are the three general chemical classes of hormone? b) List the THREE physiological functions of the thyroid hormones. c) How are thyroid hormones transported in the bloodstream? Why? Do the hormones enter the target cell directly? Describe the sequence of events when thyroid hormones bind to their receptors.arrow_forward1)What tissue regulates both the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis? Does this tissue regulate lots of physiological functions? Give a few examples. 2) All of the following are directly controlled by a hormonal stimulus from the hypothalamus EXCEPT… a)GH, Growth hormone b) FSH c) Oxytocin. d) TSH, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 3) How would a tumor in cells that produce TSH affect levels of TSH in the blood? increase / decrease / normal 4) How would this affect hormone secretion by the target cells of TSH? increase / decrease / normalarrow_forwardWhich of the following hormones interact with intracellular receptors? a) Testosterone b) Prolactin c) thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone) d) Estrogen e) Glucagon f) Vitamin Darrow_forward
- 7. A 24-year-old woman decides to lose weight. She chooses a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet for rapid weight loss. In order to metabolize the large quantity of amino acids that enter the blood, a hormone is released that stimulates amino acid transport into the tissues. The hormone released is most likely which of the following? A) Aldosterone B) Epinephrine C) Glucagon D) Insulin E) Testosteronearrow_forwardEpinephrine secretion: a) activates adenylate cyclase in liver and muscle cells. b) activates protein phosphatase 1 in liver and muscle cells. c) activates glycogen phosphorylase a in liver cells. d) inhibits glycogen phosphorylase in brain cells. e) inhibits glycogen phosphorylase b in muscle cells.arrow_forwardList three examples of steroid transport proteins.arrow_forward
- 1) Gross Anatomy and Basic Function of the Endocrine Glands a)Both the endocrine and nervous systems are major regulating systems of the body; however, the nervous system has been compared to a text message, and the endocrine system to mailing a letter. Briefly explain this comparison. b) Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the___ and the___ c) If hormones travel in the bloodstream, why don't all tissues respond to all hormones?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not correct about phosphorylation by IRS on serine residue? a) Target tissues fail to respond to circulating insulin b) It increases insulin levels c) It is an inhibitory phosphorylation d) It is molecular mechanism for insulin resistancearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the half-life of hormones is correct? a) Hormones with a short half-life are present in relatively constant amounts in the blood b) Hormones with a short half-life regulate slow functions c) Fat-soluble hormones usually have a relatively long half-life d) Fat-soluble hormone is rapidly broken down by enzymes in the blood circulation e) Water-soluble hormones usually bind to plasma proteins (transport proteins)arrow_forward
- What is the type of this protein is used to regulate / maintain the calcium level of the blood?arrow_forwardIn US President Biden’s State of the Union address, at 29:54 he says “insulin costs about $10 a vial to make… they [charge] up to 30 times that amount”. a) Is this statement true in a practical and meaningful way? b) What price might President Biden be speaking of? c) How might the price in b) spillover into other costs incurred by the consumer? Hint: The slides on US healthcare system will be very helpful (especially the slides near tharrow_forward37. An investigator is conducting a study of hormone metabolism. A compound is found that inhibits the dimerization of membrane-bound hormone receptors. Patients with which of the following conditions are most likely to benefit from this discovery? A) Acromegaly B) Cushing disease C) Graves disease D) Polycystic ovarian syndrome E) Primary hyperparathyroidismarrow_forward