The first step in the commerical producton of titanium metal is the reaction of rutile (TiO2) with chlorine and graphite:
Use the data in Appendix B to calculate
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CHEMISTRY-MOD.MASTERING (18W)
- Use the data in Appendix G to calculate the standard entropy change for H2(g) + CuO(s) H2O() + Cu(s)arrow_forwardUsing values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O() 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (b) 6 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g) C6H6() Which of these reactions is (are) predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium? Are the reactions enthalpy- or entropy-driven?arrow_forwardActually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium carbonate(limestone). Verify this by determining the standardGibbs free energy change for the reaction of lime,CaO(s), with CO2(g) to make CaCO3(s).arrow_forward
- Using values of fH and S, calculate the standard molar free energy of formation, fG, for each of the following: (a) Ca(OH)2(s) (b) Cl(g) (c) Na2CO3(s) Compare your calculated values of fG with those listed in Appendix L. Which of these formation reactions are predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium at 25 C?arrow_forwardFrom the values for G f given in Appendix 1, calculate G at 25C for each of the reactions in Question 19.arrow_forwardThe equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature is increased from 300.0 K to 350.0 K. Calculate the standard change in enthalpy (H) for this reaction (assuming H is temperature-independent).arrow_forward
- Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow compound that decomposes when heated to give silver oxide and carbon dioxide: Ag2CO3(s)Ag2O(s)+CO2(g) A researcher measured the partial pressure of carbon dioxide over a sample of silver carbonate at 220C and found that it was 1.37 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 25C. The standard enthalpies of formation of silver carbonate and silver oxide at 25C are 505.9 kJ/mol and 31.05 kJ/mol, respectively. Make any reasonable assumptions in your calculations. State the assumptions that you make, and note why you think they are reasonable.arrow_forwarda Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid: H2SO3(aq)H+(aq)+HSO3(aq) b Which thermodynamic factor is the most significant in accounting for the fact that sulfurous acid is a weak acid? Why?arrow_forwardAdenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a free-energy source by biological cells. (See the essay on page 624.) ATP hydrolyzes in the presence of enzymes to give ADP: ATP(aq)+H2O(l)ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq);G=30.5kJ/molat25C Consider a hypothetical biochemical reaction of molecule A to give molecule B: A(aq)B(aq);G=+15.0kJ/molat25C Calculate the ratio [B]/[A] at 25C at equilibrium. Now consider this reaction coupled to the reaction for the hydrolysis of ATP: A(aq)+ATP(aq)+H2O(l)B(aq)+ADP(aq)+H2PO4(aq) If a cell maintains a high ratio of ATP to ADP and H2PO4 by continuously making ATP, the conversion of A to B can be made highly spontaneous. A characteristic value of this ratio is [ATP][ADP][H2PO4]=500 Calculate the ratio [B][A] in this case and compare it with the uncoupled reaction. Compared with the uncoupled reaction, how much larger is this ratio when coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP?arrow_forward
- In muscle cells under the condition of vigorous exercise, glucose is converted to lactic acid (lactate),CH3CHOHCOOH, by the chemical reaction C6H12O6 2 CH3CHOHCOOHrG = 197 kJ/mol (a) If all of the Gibbs free energy from this reaction wereused to convert ADP to ATP, calculate how many molesof ATP could be produced per mole of glucose. (b) The actual reaction involves the production of 3 molATP per mole of glucose. Calculate the rG for thisoverall reaction. (c) Is the overall reaction in part (b) reactant-favored orproduct-favored?arrow_forwardFor each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to occur: Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight. The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston. A glass shatters on the floor.arrow_forwardElemental boron, in the form of thin fibers, can be made by reducing a boron halide with H2. BCl3(g) + 32 H2(g) B(s) + 3 HCl(g) Calculate rH, rS, and rG at 25 C for this reaction. Is the reaction predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium at 25 C? If so, is it enthalpy- or entropy-driven? [S for B(s) is 5.86 J/K mol.]arrow_forward
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