(a) Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified. Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Question

The Ka1 of ascorbic acid is 7.94 x 10-5. Would you expect ascorbic acid dissolved in blood plasma (pH 7.35–7.45) to exist primarily as ascorbic acid or as ascorbate anion? Explain.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.12P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: Whether the given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or an electron-donating inductive effect is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon and exhibit an electron-withdrawing inductive effect. Alkyl groups donate electron density, thus exhibit an electron donation inductive effect.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - What acid chloride would be needed to prepare each...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

Solution Summary: The author analyzes whether a given substituent exhibits an electron-withdrawing or donating inductive effect. The atoms which are more electronegative than carbon pull charge density away from carbon.

Concept explainers

Chapter 18 Solutions