Science
ChemistryGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)Which of the following are spontaneous processes? a A cube of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot tea. b A rusty crowbar turns shiny. c Butane from a lighter burns in air. d A clock pendulum, initially stopped, begins swinging. e Hydrogen and oxygen gases bubble out from a glass of pure water.

Which of the following are spontaneous processes? a A cube of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot tea. b A rusty crowbar turns shiny. c Butane from a lighter burns in air. d A clock pendulum, initially stopped, begins swinging. e Hydrogen and oxygen gases bubble out from a glass of pure water.

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General Chemistry - Standalone boo...

11th Edition
Steven D. Gammon + 7 others
Publisher: Cengage Learning
ISBN: 9781305580343
BuyFind

General Chemistry - Standalone boo...

11th Edition
Steven D. Gammon + 7 others
Publisher: Cengage Learning
ISBN: 9781305580343

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Textbook Problem

Which of the following are spontaneous processes?

  1. a A cube of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot tea.
  2. b A rusty crowbar turns shiny.
  3. c Butane from a lighter burns in air.
  4. d A clock pendulum, initially stopped, begins swinging.
  5. e Hydrogen and oxygen gases bubble out from a glass of pure water.

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Chapter 18 Solutions

General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 18.2 - You have a sample of 1.0 mg of solid iodine at...Ch. 18.2 - Liquid ethanol, C2H5OH(l), at 25C has an entropy...Ch. 18.3 - Predict the sign of S for each of the following...Ch. 18.3 - Calculate the change of entropy, S, for the...Ch. 18.4 - Calculate G for the following reaction at 25C. Use...Ch. 18.4 - Calculate G at 25C for the following reaction,...Ch. 18.4 - Which of the following reactions are spontaneous...Ch. 18.4 - Consider the reaction of nitrogen, N2, and oxygen,...Ch. 18.6 - Give the expression for K for each of the...Ch. 18.6 - Use the data from Table 18.2 to obtain the...
Ch. 18.6 - Calculate the solubility product constant for...Ch. 18.6 - The following reaction is spontaneous in the...Ch. 18.7 - Consider the decomposition of dinitrogen...Ch. 18.7 - The thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the...Ch. 18.7 - To what temperature must magnesium carbonate be...Ch. 18 - What is a spontaneous process? Give three examples...Ch. 18 - Which contains greater entropy, a quantity of...Ch. 18 - State the second law of thermodynamics.Ch. 18 - The entropy change S for a phase transition equals...Ch. 18 - Describe how the standard entropy of hydrogen gas...Ch. 18 - Describe what you would look for in a reaction...Ch. 18 - Define the free energy G. How is G related to H...Ch. 18 - What is meant by the standard free-energy change G...Ch. 18 - Explain how G can be used to decide whether a...Ch. 18 - What is the useful work obtained in the ideal...Ch. 18 - Give an example of a chemical reaction used to...Ch. 18 - How is the concept of coupling of reactions useful...Ch. 18 - Explain how the free energy changes as a...Ch. 18 - Explain how an equilibrium constant can be...Ch. 18 - Discuss the different sign combinations of H and S...Ch. 18 - Consider a reaction in which H and S are positive....Ch. 18 - Which of the following are true about the process...Ch. 18 - You run a reaction that has a negative entropy...Ch. 18 - A reaction has a G = 10.0 kJ and a H = 20.0 kJ. If...Ch. 18 - Given the following information at 25C, calculate...Ch. 18 - Thermodynamics and Spontaneous Processes Consider...Ch. 18 - Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant You place...Ch. 18 - For each of the following statements, indicate...Ch. 18 - Which of the following are spontaneous processes?...Ch. 18 - For each of the following series of pairs,...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of the entropy change for each of...Ch. 18 - Hypothetical elements A(g) and B(g) are introduced...Ch. 18 - Here is a simple experiment. Take a rubber band...Ch. 18 - Hypothetical elements X(g) and Y(g) are introduced...Ch. 18 - Describe how you would expect the spontaneity (G)...Ch. 18 - Chloroform, CHCl3, is a solvent and has been used...Ch. 18 - Diethyl ether (known simply as ether), (C2H5)2O,...Ch. 18 - The enthalpy change when liquid methanol. CH3OH,...Ch. 18 - The heat of vaporization of carbon disulfide, CS2,...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of...Ch. 18 - Predict the sign of S, if possible, for each of...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the following reactions, using...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the following reactions, using...Ch. 18 - Calculate S for the reaction...Ch. 18 - What is the change in entropy, S, for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C),...Ch. 18 - Using enthalpies of formation (Appendix C),...Ch. 18 - The free energy of formation of one mole of...Ch. 18 - The free energy of formation of one mole of...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free energy of the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free energy of the...Ch. 18 - On the basis of G for each of the following...Ch. 18 - For each of the following reactions, state whether...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and G for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Calculate H and G for the following reactions at...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction of 2 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction of 1 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1...Ch. 18 - What is the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - What is the maximum work that could be obtained...Ch. 18 - Give the expression for the thermodynamic...Ch. 18 - Write the expression for the thermodynamic...Ch. 18 - What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C...Ch. 18 - What is the standard free-energy change G at 25C...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free-energy change and the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the standard free-energy change and the...Ch. 18 - Obtain the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from the...Ch. 18 - Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc at 25C from...Ch. 18 - Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain...Ch. 18 - Use data given in Tables 6.2 and 18.1 to obtain...Ch. 18 - Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, can be prepared by...Ch. 18 - Oxygen was first prepared by heating mercury(II)...Ch. 18 - Find the sign of S for the reaction...Ch. 18 - The combustion of acetylene, C2H2, is a...Ch. 18 - Estimate the value of H for the following reaction...Ch. 18 - Compare the energies of the bonds broken and those...Ch. 18 - Acetic acid, CH3COOH, freezes at 16.6C. The heat...Ch. 18 - Acetone, CH3COCH3, boils at 56C. The heat of...Ch. 18 - Without doing any calculations, decide what the...Ch. 18 - For each of the following reactions, decide...Ch. 18 - The following equation shows how nitrogen dioxide...Ch. 18 - Ethanol burns in air or oxygen according to the...Ch. 18 - Acetic acid in vinegar results from the bacterial...Ch. 18 - Methanol is produced commercially from carbon...Ch. 18 - Is the following reaction spontaneous as written?...Ch. 18 - Is the following reaction spontaneous as written?...Ch. 18 - The reaction CO2(g)+H2(g)CO(g)+H2O(g) is...Ch. 18 - The reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) is spontaneous at...Ch. 18 - Calculate G at 25C for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Calculate G at 25C for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Consider the decomposition of phosgene. COCl2....Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction CS2(g)+4H2(g)CH4(g)+2H2S(g)...Ch. 18 - a From a consideration of the following reactions,...Ch. 18 - a From a consideration of the following reactions,...Ch. 18 - For the reaction CH3OH(l)+32O2(g)2H2O(l)+CO2(g)...Ch. 18 - For the reaction HCHO(g)+23O3(g)CO2(g)+H2O(g) the...Ch. 18 - Tin(IV) oxide can be reacted with either hydrogen...Ch. 18 - Tungsten is usually produced by the reduction of...Ch. 18 - For the decomposition of formic acid,...Ch. 18 - a Why are some reactions exothermic and others...Ch. 18 - For the reaction 2Cu(s)+S(s)Cu2S(s) H and G are...Ch. 18 - For the reaction C6H6(l)+Br2(l)C6H5Br(l)+HBr(g)...Ch. 18 - When 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned...Ch. 18 - When 1.000 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, is burned...Ch. 18 - a Calculate K1, at 25C for phosphoric acid:...Ch. 18 - a Calculate K1, at 25C for sulfurous acid:...Ch. 18 - The direct reaction of iron(III) oxide. Fe2O3, to...Ch. 18 - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is often referred to...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction in which hydrazine vapor...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction for the formation of H2O(g)...Ch. 18 - Acetone, CH3COCH3, is a fragrant liquid that is...Ch. 18 - Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, CoCl26H2O, is a...Ch. 18 - An experimenter placed 1.000 mol of H2 and 1.000...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen gas and iodine vapor react to produce...Ch. 18 - Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, is a light yellow...Ch. 18 - Sulfur is produced in volcanic gases by the...Ch. 18 - Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, is used as a...Ch. 18 - A car has been fitted with an internal combustion...Ch. 18 - Given the following information, calculate the...Ch. 18 - A quantity of strong acid is added to pure water...Ch. 18 - Sodium acetate crystallizes from a supersaturated...Ch. 18 - According to a source, lithium peroxide (Li2O2)...Ch. 18 - Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4,...Ch. 18 - Ammonia, NH3, is produced from its elements in the...Ch. 18 - A truck weighing 1600 kg uses natural gas as fuel....Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction of methane, CH4(g), with...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen gas is important industrially and has...Ch. 18 - Coal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen bromide dissociates into its gaseous...Ch. 18 - Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react to form hydrogen...Ch. 18 - A 20.0-L vessel is filled with 1.00 mol of...Ch. 18 - A 25.0-L vessel is filled with 0.0100 mol CO and...Ch. 18 - Ka for acetic acid at 25.0C is 1754 105. At...Ch. 18 - Ksp for silver chloride at 25.0C is 1.782 1010....

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