Chapter 18, Problem 8E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the $\alpha$ particle is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrate into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on alpha particle is $+2$.

Explanation of Solution

Alpha particle is similar to the helium nucleus $\left(\text{H}\text{e}\right)$. It contains two protons and two neutrons. Alpha particles notation is denoted as a symbol $\left(\alpha \right)$. The penetrating power of alpha particles is very low that it can easily be protected by human skin. The mass of a helium atom is $\text{4}\text{amu}$. The charge on alpha particle is $2$.

Conclusion

The charge on alpha particle is stated above.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the ${\beta }^{-}$ particle is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrates into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on beta particle is $-1$.

Explanation of Solution

A beta particle is similar to an electron $\left(\text{e}\right)$. The beta particle is represented by using a symbol $\left(\beta \right)$. The penetrating power of the beta particle is low. The mass of beta particle is approximately $\text{2}\text{amu}$. The charge on beta particle is similar to charge on electron which is $-1$.

Conclusion

The charge on ${\beta }^{-}$ is $-1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the $\gamma$ particle is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrates into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on gamma particle is $0$.

Explanation of Solution

Gamma ray is powerful radioactive radiation which has zero mass and zero charge. The symbol used to represent the gamma ray is $\left(\gamma \right)$. Gamma ray photon notation is denoted as $\left(\text{γ}\right)$. The penetrating power of gamma ray is very high that it can be protected by only thick lead coverings. The mass of gamma ray is $0\text{amu}$. The charge on gamma particle is $0$.

Conclusion

The charge on $\gamma$ particle is $0$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the ${\beta }^{+}$ particle is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrates into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on positron $\left({\beta }^{+}\right)$ is $+1$.

Explanation of Solution

Positron is the opposite of electrons on the basis of charge. The mass on positron is zero but it contains one positive charge. The symbol used to represent positron is $\left({\beta }^{+}\right)$ The notation of positron is represented as $\left(e\right)$. Electron and positron collision lead to mutual destruction. As a result gamma rays are emitted. The charge on positron is $+1$.

Conclusion

The charge on ${\beta }^{+}$ particle is $+1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the ${\text{n}}^{\text{0}}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrates into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on neutron $\left({\text{n}}^{\text{0}}\right)$ is $0$.

Explanation of Solution

Neutrons are similar to protons on the basis of charge. The charge on neutron is zero but the mass of neutron is approximately $\text{1}\text{amu}$. The symbol used to represent neutron is $\left(n^0\right)$ The notation of neutron is denoted as $\left(n\right)$.

Conclusion

The charge on neutron is $0$.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The relative charge on the proton ${\text{p}}^{\text{+}}$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Heavy atoms have unstable nuclei. Due to which they are radioactive and disintegrates into smaller nuclei. The decay of radioactive nuclei can be done by alpha particle emission, beta-particle emission, positron decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.

Answer to Problem 8E

The charge on proton $\left({\text{p}}^{\text{+}}\right)$ is $+1$.

Explanation of Solution

Protons are the particles which have mass equal to $1\text{amu}$ and charge equals to $+1$. The proton carries one positive charge. The symbol used to represent proton is $\left({\text{p}}^{\text{+}}\right)$ The notation of proton is denoted as $\left(\text{H}\right)$.

Conclusion

The charge on proton is $+1$.