To explain: How the cells are able to synthesize different molecules, in terms of cytoplasmic determinants and gene regulation.
Concept introduction:
During embryonic development, the zygote is differentiated to form mature cells with a specific structure and function. The process is known as cell differentiation. As the embryo enlarges and the cell number increases, the cells communicate with each other in the embryo. Certain cytoplasmic determinants and signals from other nearby embryonic cells regulate the specific gene expression. Signal molecules regulate gene expression by the activation and deactivation of specific genes of other cells in a process known as induction. These processes together determine the fate of embryonic cells.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 18 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Custom Edition
- Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?arrow_forwardcompare and contrast how GPCRs and RTKs transduce their signal to the cell? include the types of ligands they bind, the GTP binding protein that is activated, and how the signal is transduced and amplified. what effects does it have on the cell?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?arrow_forward
- Place the steps below in the correct order as they would occur within a signal transduction pathway. Drag and drop options into correct order and submit. For keyboard navigation... SHOW MORE ♥ An inactive signal transduction molecule is activated. A transcription factor enters the nucleus. An active signal transduction molecule binds a transcription factor. A gene is expressed. A receptor undergoes a conformational change. A ligand binds to a receptor. [3 Fuls Your answer II II II II IIarrow_forwardPart A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific proteins it is signaling through. You want to do a single Western blot to measure changes in signaling activity, regardless of which pathway is being activated. For which protein involved in these pathways could you measure the levels in the nucleus of cells and be confident in your results? Why? This part was already posted on chegg, but I didn't understand the answer. I need a thorough explanation, so I can fully understand. Part B (Short Response): There have been many attempts to block TGF-β signaling in cancer through many different mechanisms, but none of been very successful. Why do you think this is? I know they have gotten close to being successful, but I don't know what preventing their success.arrow_forwardThe G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.arrow_forward
- WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties oflife emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of acell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay (about100–150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis inthe development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process thatemerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.arrow_forwardYou have isolated a new species of infectious bacteria. The bacterium releases a toxin that you believe is adversely affecting heterotrimeric Gs (stimulatory)-protein-based signaling. To explore this hypothesis you use an epithelial cell line that is expressing a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-labeled α subunit and a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-labeled β subunit of a heterotrimeric Gs-protein. CFP emits blue light and has excitation and emission wavelengths of 440 nm and 490 nm, respectively. YFP emits yellow light and has excitation and emission wavelengths of 490 nm and 527 nm, respectively. To test your hypothesis, you perform two experiments. First, you apply a signaling ligand known to activate this Gs protein and track yellow fluorescence. Second, you apply the signaling ligand and the purified bacterial toxin simultaneously and track yellow fluorescence. Which of the following conclusion will you draw based on the above experimental data? The toxin locks the α subunit…arrow_forwardCell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in those ways and different in others. Offer one or more hypotheses for these similarities and differences, and cite specific examples.arrow_forward
- Cell signaling in plant and animal cells is similar in some ways and different in others. Offer one or more hypotheses for these similarities and differences,and cite specific examples.arrow_forwardHow do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.arrow_forwardPane Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of g protein coupled and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? Key What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, physiological paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? process involved What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which molecules does it…arrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax