CAMPBELL BIOLOGY,VOL.1-W/ACCESS>CUSTOM<
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781269894883
Author: Reece
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 19, Problem 8TYU
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY When bacteria infect an animal, the number of bacteria In the body increases in an exponential fashion (graph A). After infection by a virulent animal virus with a Iytic replicative cycle, there is no evidence of infection for a while. Then the number of viruses rises suddenly and subsequently increases in a series of steps ($raph B). Explain the difference in the curves.
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1) A population of HIV viruses exposed to any single antiretroviral medication typically evolves resistance to this medication within a year or two. In contrast, populations of humans exposed to HIV for many years have not yet evolved significant resistance to HIV infection. Which of the following reasons may explain why evolution has been so much more rapid in HIV populations than in human populations?
a) Humans have much longer generation times.
b) Humans have reverse transcriptases that are less error prone.
c) Human DNA polymerases are less error prone.
d) Viruses need to mutate quickly to survive in their hosts.
e) Humans have no ability to evolve resistance to HIV.
How might a bacteriophage be used to treat a bacterial infection? – this question relates to question # 2. Address specificity. Why can viruses only infect specific cells? Why would the host cell be safe from infection?
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Using at least two examples,explain how the process of evolution is revealed by theimperfections of living organisms.
Chapter 19 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY,VOL.1-W/ACCESS>CUSTOM<
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 19.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Bacteriophages were used to...Ch. 19.2 - Compare the effect on the host cell of a lytic...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 19.2 - Why is HIV called a retrovirus?Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 4CCCh. 19.3 - Describe two ways in which a preexisting virus can...Ch. 19.3 - Contrast horizontal and vertical transmission of...Ch. 19.3 - WHAT IF? TMV has been isolated from virtually all...Ch. 19 - Are viruses generally considered living or...
Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.2CRCh. 19 - Prob. 19.3CRCh. 19 - Which of the following characteristics,...Ch. 19 - Emerging viruses arise by (A) mutation of existing...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 19 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 19 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 19 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION The successof some viruses...Ch. 19 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY When bacteria infect an animal,...Ch. 19 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION While viruses...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10TYU
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- Viruses display many of the characteristics of living organisms. In particular, they reproduce, creating new virus particles. During reproduction, viruses make copies of their genetic material, and some of the copies contain mutations that are beneficial to the virus. For example, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) mutates so often that its surface proteins change faster than we can develop antiviral drugs. New drug-resistant strains of HIV are appearing constantly. However, viruses can reproduce only after entering a living cell of an organism, because viruses hijack the cell’s machinery and use it to produce new viruses. Where does that combination of characteristics place viruses on the scale of nonlife to life? Are viruses living organisms? Nonliving? If neither of those categories fits the properties of viruses, how should they be classified?arrow_forwardEvolutionary changes of antibiotic resistant bacteria increase the ability of a species to survive and reproduce under any circumstances (True or false) give explaination for answer?arrow_forwardmicrobiology question Which of the following statements is true regarding bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses? A. Both may enter a host cell by endocytosis. B. Both involve entry of the entire virus particle into the host cell. C. Both can have segmented genetic material. D. Bacteriophages leave the capsid outside of the cell that they infect, while eukaryotic virus infections involve the entry of the capsid with the nucleic acid.arrow_forward
- Can viruses evolve? A. No, because viruses are not living organisms B. No, because viruses don't have DNA C. Yes, anything with a genetic basis and ability to reproduce can evolve D. yes, but only by mutations to their RNA.arrow_forwardBiology 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma 2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses..arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 4. In lysogenic conversion, (a) bacterial cells may exhibit new properties (b) the host cell dies (c) prions sometimes convert to viroids (d) reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA into RNA (e) lytic viruses become temperatearrow_forward
- A plasmid (a) can be used as a DNA vector (b) is a type of bacteriophage (c) is a type of cDNA (d) is a retrovirus (e) b and carrow_forwardOrganisms contain coded information that dictates form and function of ---- *arrow_forwardIn class, you learned about how some bacteriophages can switch between two different life cycles. What are the two cycles and why does the virus want to switch? Explain the adaptive advantage the virus has in each of the cycles.?arrow_forward
- Evaluate how each of the following results of scientific studies regarding mutations of the SARS-COV2 viral genome may implicate how humans can live with the virus for generations to come. Results Implication Scientific analysis of SARS-COV2 viral genomes from different countries has revealed that the virus accumulates about 2 new mutations per month. Many of these mutations have occurred due to their many battles with the immune systems of their human hosts. The vast majority of mutations have little or no effect on how the virus behaves, but scientists are keeping a watchful eye on mutations of the critical region of the viral genome: the gene encoding the spike protein. Mutations that give the virus an evolutionary advantage should be more likely to turn up repeatedly in the virus’ family tree.arrow_forwardGENETICS: Answer D, E, F, G onlyarrow_forwardAntibiotic-resistant bacteria may expend extra energy and resources to produce special compounds and carry extra genetic material to protect themselves against antibiotics. Predict what might happen to these bacteria if they are not exposed to antibiotics for many generations.arrow_forward
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