Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 19.2, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The situation when MyoD (for myoblast-determining gene) in the undifferentiated myoblasts was inserted and over expressed.
Introduction:
MyoD or the myoblast determining gene has a role in the formation of muscles in the body. For the formation of the muscles, differentiation has to occur. The differentiation process can only occur after the cell cycle has terminated. With the ongoing cell cycle process, differentiation cannot take place.
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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/micromacro) to learn more about macro- and microstructures of skeletal muscles. (a) What are the names of the junction points between sarcomeres? (b) What are the names of the subunits within the myofibrils that run the length of skeletal muscle fibers? (c) What is the “double strand of pearls� described in the video? (d) What gives a skeletal muscle fiber its striated appearance?arrow_forward1.Describe the importance of molecular motors in the human body and the state the meaning of molecular motors. 2.Describe the different classes of molecular motors and give examples. 3.Describe the different types of myosinarrow_forwardHow do the different structures and properties of myosin II and myosin V reflect their different functions in cells?arrow_forward
- Descrive in 2-3 sentences an in vitro experiment that differentiates between the Arp2/3 complex’ ability to associate with both the side of the ‘mother’ actin filament and with the barbed end of the ‘mother’ actin filament. Your experiment should take advantage of capping protein (binds and blocks barbed ends), and direct visualization of actin filaments.arrow_forwardThe Arp2/3 complex makes branched actin filaments by associating with a ‘mother’ actin filament and initiating assembly of a ‘daughter’ actin filament. Although it has been thought that Arp2/3 complex associates with and makes branches from the side of the ‘mother’ actin filament, it is alternatively possible that Arp2/3 complex associates with and makes branches from the barbed end of the ‘mother’ actin filament. Design an in vitro experiment (with purified proteins, such as actin and Arp2/3 complex) to determine which of these possibilities is correct by taking advantage of capping protein (binds and blocks barbed ends), and direct visualization of actin filaments. (1) Briefly describe your experiment in no more than three sentences (2) Draw diagrams of what the arrangement of actin filaments (simple lines are okay) are expected to look like in your proposed experimental and control conditions that indicate the possible outcomes of your experiment (3) Briefly describe your…arrow_forwardThe main structural characteristic of myosin molecules is: Select one: a. A beta-barrel b. A Fab domain c. An alpha helix d. The zinc finger domain e. A beta sheetarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is true? Fast fibers have a small diameter. Fast fibers contain loosely packed myofibrils. Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves. Fast fibers have many mitochondria.arrow_forwardIn sarcomeres, phosphate-group transfers from ATP activate _______. a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. Z bandsarrow_forwardThe release of calcium ions initiates muscle contractions. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/calciumrole) to learn more about the role of calcium. (a) What are “T-tubules� and what is their role? (b) Please also describe how actin-binding sites are made available for cross-bridging with myosin heads during contraction.arrow_forward
- It is not an easy matter to assign particular func-tions to specific components of the basal lamina, sincethe overall structure is a complicated composite materialwith both mechanical and signaling properties. Nidogen,for example, cross-links two central components of thebasal lamina by binding to the laminin γ-1 chain and totype IV collagen. Given such a key role, it was surprisingthat mice with a homozygous knockout of the gene fornidogen-1 were entirely healthy, with no abnormal phe-notype. Similarly, mice homozygous for a knockout of thegene for nidogen-2 also appeared completely normal. Bycontrast, mice that were homozygous for a defined muta-tion in the gene for laminin γ-1, which eliminated just thebinding site for nidogen, died at birth with severe defectsin lung and kidney formation. The mutant portion of thelaminin γ-1 chain is thought to have no other functionthan to bind nidogen, and does not affect laminin struc-ture or its ability to assemble into the basal lamina.…arrow_forwardWe know quite a bit about Notch/Delta and Hes gene oscillations during embryonic development. What do oscillations of these genes in the adult neural stem cell niche actually look like? How do these oscillations result in the progression from stem cell to neuron?arrow_forwardlysome function in plants and animalsarrow_forward
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