Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134168296
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 6FTB
The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by___ bacteria in the soil and in nodules. Prokaryotes that live in the digestive tracts of cows and rabbits break down ___ in the leaves that those mammals eat.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth (11th Edition)
Ch. 20 - The name of the process by which DNA is...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2MCCh. 20 - Prob. 3MCCh. 20 - 4. Viruses
a. are usually...Ch. 20 - Prob. 5MCCh. 20 - _______have peptidoglycan in their _____, but____...Ch. 20 - Prob. 2FTBCh. 20 - 3. Many prokaryotes use _____ to move about. Some...Ch. 20 - _____ bacteria inhabit environments that lack...Ch. 20 - 5. Prokaryotes reproduce by _____and may sometimes...
Ch. 20 - 6. The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by___...Ch. 20 - Prob. 7FTBCh. 20 - A virus consists of a molecule of ____or _____...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the ways in which prokaryotes...Ch. 20 - What are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and what role...Ch. 20 - Describe some of the extreme environments in which...Ch. 20 - Prob. 4RQCh. 20 - What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in...Ch. 20 - 6. Why are prokaryotes especially useful in...Ch. 20 - Describe the structure of a typical virus. How do...Ch. 20 - Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are...Ch. 20 - How do archaea and bacteria differ? How do...Ch. 20 - Prob. 1ACCh. 20 - Before the discovery of prions, many (perhaps...
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- One Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, Ferroplasma acidarmanus, was discovered in one of the most contaminated sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine in California. F. acidarmamus is the main constituent of .slime streamers (a type of biofilm) growing in water draining from this abandoned copper mine (right). The water is hot (about 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. F. acidarmanus cells have an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that uses electrons pulled from iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Removing electrons from these compounds dissolves the minerals, so groundwater in the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of solutes, including metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The pathway also produces .sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cell to zero. F. acidarmanus cells keep their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite Living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. However, most of the cells enzymes function best al much lower pH (FIGURE 5.13). Thus, researchers think F. acidarmanus may have an unknown type of internal compartment that keeps their enzymes in a highly acidic environmental. FIGURE 5.13 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus. Left graphs showing pH activity profile of four enzymes isolated from Ferraplasma acidarmanus Researchers had expected all of these enzymes to function best at the calls cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What is the optimal pH for the carboxylesterase?arrow_forwardOne Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, Ferroplasma acidarmanus, was discovered in one of the most contaminated sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine in California. F. acidarmamus is the main constituent of .slime streamers (a type of biofilm) growing in water draining from this abandoned copper mine (right). The water is hot (about 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. F. acidarmanus cells have an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that uses electrons pulled from iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Removing electrons from these compounds dissolves the minerals, so groundwater in the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of solutes, including metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The pathway also produces .sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cell to zero. F. acidarmanus cells keep their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite Living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. However, most of the cells enzymes function best al much lower pH (FIGURE 5.13). Thus, researchers think F. acidarmanus may have an unknown type of internal compartment that keeps their enzymes in a highly acidic environmental. FIGURE 5.13 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus. Left graphs showing pH activity profile of four enzymes isolated from Ferraplasma acidarmanus Researchers had expected all of these enzymes to function best at the calls cytoplasmic pH (5.0). Of the four enzymes profiled in the graphs, how many function optimally at a pH lower than 5? How many retain significant function at pH 5?arrow_forwardOne Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species or acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main constituent of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside- an abandoned California copper mine (FIGURE 5.36). These cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Oxidizing these minerals dissolves them, so groundwater that seeps in to the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which Lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroprasma were surprised to discover that most of the cells' enzymes function best at very low pH (FIGURE 5 .37). FIGURE 5.36 Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this Stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this view, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. The slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea Ferropiasma acidarmanus. FIGURE 5.37 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus enzymes. The graphs (right) show the pH activity profiles of four enzymes isolated from Ferroplasma. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells' cytoplasmic pH (5.0). 3. What is the optimal pH for ferroplasma carboxylesterase?arrow_forward
- One Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species or acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main constituent of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside- an abandoned California copper mine (FIGURE 5.36). These cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Oxidizing these minerals dissolves them, so groundwater that seeps in to the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which Lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroprasma were surprised to discover that most of the cells' enzymes function best at very low pH (FIGURE 5 .37). FIGURE 5.36 Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this Stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this view, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. The slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea Ferropiasma acidarmanus. FIGURE 5.37 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus enzymes. The graphs (right) show the pH activity profiles of four enzymes isolated from Ferroplasma. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells' cytoplasmic pH (5.0). 2. Of the four enzymes profiled in the graph, how many function optimally at a pH lower than 5? How many retain significant function at pH 5?arrow_forwardOne Tough Bug The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, Ferroplasma acidarmanus, was discovered in one of the most contaminated sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine in California. F. acidarmamus is the main constituent of .slime streamers (a type of biofilm) growing in water draining from this abandoned copper mine (right). The water is hot (about 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. F. acidarmanus cells have an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that uses electrons pulled from iron-sulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. Removing electrons from these compounds dissolves the minerals, so groundwater in the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of solutes, including metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The pathway also produces .sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cell to zero. F. acidarmanus cells keep their internal pH at a cozy 5.0 despite Living in an environment similar to hot battery acid. However, most of the cells enzymes function best al much lower pH (FIGURE 5.13). Thus, researchers think F. acidarmanus may have an unknown type of internal compartment that keeps their enzymes in a highly acidic environmental. FIGURE 5.13 pH anomaly of Ferroplasma acidarmanus. Left graphs showing pH activity profile of four enzymes isolated from Ferraplasma acidarmanus Researchers had expected all of these enzymes to function best at the calls cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What do the dashed lines in the graphs signify?arrow_forwardDescribe what you might eat for a typical meal if humans, like cyanobacteria, could fix nitrogen.arrow_forward
- Your friend's cottage is on a lake that has experienced numerous blooms of cyanobacteria (blue green algae) in recent years. Which chemical is most likely responsible for these blooms? methane phosphorus iron nitrogen carbon dioxide Previous PageNext Pagearrow_forwardWhy are prokaryotes so important? They are simple in structure and metabolism.. They comprise all single celled life on earth.They perform important functions for humans and other organisms. They make up a small but very important % of the biomass on earth.arrow_forwarde novo synthesis of building blocks always requires Group of answer choices A and B A. precursor metabolites C. nitrogen assimilation A and C B. CO2 fixationarrow_forward
- If all prokaryotes were eliminated from the planeta) animals would thrive because there would be no disease.b) archaea would thrive because there would be no competition for nutrients.c) all animals would die.d) animals and archaea would thrive.arrow_forwardWhat structure(s) are active in the uptake of nutrients? A. porinsB transport proteinsC lipid AD peptidoglycaarrow_forwardMany of the bacteria in Lake Whillans derive energy from the oxidationof chemical compounds. What might have made this necessary?a. exceedingly low temperaturesb. a lack of sunlightc. the size of the bacterial populations they foundd. a lack of fresh waterarrow_forward
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