Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 20.1, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
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The method by which the frequency of resistant bacteria is expected to change over time in populations of bacteria that were regularly exposed to an antibiotic drug, and the reason behind a warning that comes with an antibiotic prescribed to take the full course of treatment.
Introduction:
Antibiotics are generally referred to as drugs capable of killing most of the bacteria. In some cases, bacteria undergo genetic mutations when they are exposed to antibiotics for short time and thereby, become resistant to the antibiotics so as to ensure their own or progenies’ survival upon future exposures to sustain the microbial population.
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If you go back 40 generations into your biologicalancestry:a. How many ancestors are you predicted to have?b. How could you reconcile that prediction with thefact that the world’s population of humans is nowroughly 7 billion people?
The change in the circled offspring’s genotype was caused by a mutation. A mutation is a change in a gene. Mutations happen when a mistake is made when a cell’s chromosomes are copied. How might mutations introduce variation into a population?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Why is a balancedfrequency of different allelesof a gene in a population moreuseful for the survival of thatpopulation facingenvironmental changes?arrow_forwardWhat branch of biology deals with the genetic makeup of populations? A. cytology B. ecology C. Mendelian genetics D. population genetics E. population ecologyarrow_forwardWithin six months of effectively using methicillin to treatS. aureus infections in a community, all new S. aureus infectionswere caused by MRSA. How can this best be explained?(A) A patient must have become infected with MRSA fromanother community.(B) In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drugresistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.(C) Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the startof treatment, and natural selection increased theirfrequency.(D) S. aureus evolved to resist vaccinesarrow_forward
- Figure 1.8 Which of the following statements is false? A. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems. B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems. C. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues. D. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.arrow_forwardA mutation is any change in an organism's genetic information. How could a genetic mutation in an individual (one organism) affect a population (many organisms) over several generations?arrow_forwardAs people use more of an antibiotic, the number of bacteria that are resistant to that antibiotic increase. Which statement describes a mechanism behind this trend? (A.) People’s bodies become more resistant to antibiotics after exposure to them (B.) Antibiotic molecules get weaker over time due to natural selection (C.) The antibiotic kills sensitive bacteria, and any bacteria resistant to it multiply to take their place (D.) Bacteria take up antibiotics and integrate them into their own DNAarrow_forward
- In a particular population of mice, certain individualsdisplay a phenotype called short tail, which is inherited as a dominant trait. Some individuals display arecessive trait called dilute, which affects coat color.Which of these traits would be easier to eliminatefrom the population by selective breeding? Why?arrow_forwardA change in one or more characteristics of a population that is heritableand occurs from one generation to the next is calleda. natural selection.b. sexual selection.c. population genetics.d. evolution.e. inheritance of acquired characteristics.arrow_forwardA ship was caught in a storm and landed on a small island in the middle of the South Pacific. For generations, no one encountered this small colony who, despite the odds, made a thriving settlement on their island. After many years, what characteristics would be unique about this island population? a. The people would look very different from each other, and may have evolved some odd characteristics that aren't seen in other humans. b. The people would look very different from each other, and may exhibit abnormally high occurrences of genetic diseases that are rare in the general human population. c.The people would look very similar to each other, and may exhibit abnormally high occurrences of genetic diseases that are rare in the general human population. d. The people would no longer be considered humans after evolving independently for several generations.arrow_forward
- An important scientific theory that explains why organismsare at once so similar and so diverse is the theory of__________. This theory explains life’s diversity as having originated primarily through the process of_________.arrow_forwardIn genetics, what does the term population mean? Pick any species you like and describe how its population might change over the course of many generations.arrow_forwardThe original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates,is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectionalvalue in the organism. Although many model organismshave been used to study mutational events in populations, someinvestigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soll et al.(2006. Genetics 175:267–275) examined one such model to studythe relationship between both deleterious and advantageousmutations and population size in a ligase molecule composed ofRNA (a ribozyme). Soll found that the smaller the population ofmolecules, the more likely it was that not only deleterious mutationsbut also advantageous mutations would disappear. Whywould population size influence the survival of both types ofmutations (deleterious and advantageous) in populations?arrow_forward
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