Chapter 20.12, Problem 7LTS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

To accomplish the target products transformation should be draw and identified, using particular reagents.

Concept introduction:

Nucleophilic reaction: electron rich nucleophiles attacks the positive or partially positive charge of an atom and replace a leaving group is called Nucleophilic Substitution reaction.

$S_{N}1$Reaction: The $S_{N}1$ reaction is twostep process, leaving group leaves the molecule is first step and forms the more stable carbocation. Further, nucleophile attacks the carbocation and forms the final product in the second step. The rate of the reaction depends on the stability of the carbocation.

$S_{N}2$Reaction: The $S_{N}2$ reaction is single step process, leaving group leaves the molecule and nucleophiles attack the molecule is single step process which is simultaneous process.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of π-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Grignard Reaction: This is a organometallic reaction in different alkyl, aryl-magnesium halides add to a carbonyl group in an aldehyde and ketone. This reaction is an important for the conversion of carbon-carbon single $\left(\text{-C-C-}\right)$ bond. Moreover the addition of a reagent to an aster, lactone gives a tertiary alcohol in which will alkyl groups are the same and the addition of a Grignard reagent to a nitrile produces an unsymmetrical ketone.

Wittig reaction: This process allows the preparation of an alkene by the reaction of an aldehyde ( $\text{-CHO}$) or ketone ( $\text{-C=O}$) with ylides generated from a phosphonium salt. The geometry of the resulting cis, trans alkene depends on the reactivity of the ylide.

Oxidation Reaction: The oxidation-reduction reaction is a type of chemical reaction it is involves a transfer of electrons between two species. In other words oxidation reaction number of a molecule atom or ion changes by gaining or losing electrons.

Ozonolysis Reaction: It is an oxidative reaction which is used to oxidize the carbon-carbon double and triple bond. Several type organic of reactions where the unsaturated bonds of alkenes, alkynes or azo compounds are cleaved with ozone.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

To identify: The synthetic route to accomplish the given transformation.