BIOLOGY
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781266739606
Author: Hoefnagels
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 21.17, Problem 2MC
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The expectation about the similarity of development gene in sponges to be high or low with comparison to Arabidopsis gene, if researchers had analyzed the genes of plant Arabidopsis.
Concept introduction:
A gene is found in the DNA of an organism. Gene represents a sequence of genetic material which codes a functional molecule. All living organism contains different types of genes which regulates various hereditary information. Genes have significant role in determining the evolutionary processes.
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Phylogenetic trees are used to show the evolutionary relationships among various biological species and are usually based upon shared derived characters. In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to first draw up a character table to show the presence or absence of characters among the various groups of organisms being studied.
a. Draw up a character table based upon the following shared derived characters of land plants: flowers, seeds, vascular tissues, and dependent embryos. Your character table must include the names/descriptions of the plant groups that are being characterized.
b. Construct a phylogenetic tree based on this data.
Referring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions:
1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis?
2. How many clades are there?
3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why?
4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?
A cladogram used in a comparison of morphology among taxa had equal length branches, but when looked at in a blast webpage using the given gene sequence, the branches all had different lengths. Why is that?
Chapter 21 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 5MCCh. 21.1 - What advantages does segmentation confer?Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 7MCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 3MC
Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.6 - What defining feature arose in the annelid lineage...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 5MCCh. 21.7 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.7 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.7 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.7 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.7 - Prob. 5MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.8 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of an...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 6MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 7MCCh. 21.8 - Prob. 8MCCh. 21.9 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.9 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.9 - What are some examples of echinoderms?Ch. 21.9 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.10 - What are four key defining characteristics of...Ch. 21.10 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.10 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.10 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.10 - Differentiate between an ectotherm and an...Ch. 21.10 - How does the number of heart chambers affect the...Ch. 21.11 - Compare and contrast the features of tunicates and...Ch. 21.11 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.11 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.12 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.12 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.13 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.13 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.13 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.14 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.14 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.14 - What features distinguish the three orders of...Ch. 21.15 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.15 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.15 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.15 - Prob. 4MCCh. 21.15 - Prob. 5MCCh. 21.15 - Prob. 6MCCh. 21.16 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.16 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21.16 - Prob. 3MCCh. 21.17 - Prob. 1MCCh. 21.17 - Prob. 2MCCh. 21 - Following gastrulation, the cells that have folded...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 21 - How is the body structure of an annelid different...Ch. 21 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 9MCQCh. 21 - Since a tunicate is considered to be a chordate,...Ch. 21 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 21 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 21 - How do reptiles and mammals differ from...Ch. 21 - Prob. 14MCQCh. 21 - Since a whale is a mammal, it must a. have scales....Ch. 21 - Compare the nine major animal phyla in the order...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 3WIOCh. 21 - Distinguish between (a) radial and bilateral...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5WIOCh. 21 - Like sponges, plants tire sessile organisms, but...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 8WIOCh. 21 - Compare and contrast the roundworm body structure...Ch. 21 - Make a chart showing the characteristics of each...Ch. 21 - List the features that determine the echinoderms...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12WIOCh. 21 - How do tunicates and lancelets differ from fishes...Ch. 21 - Draw from memory a phylogenetic tree that traces...Ch. 21 - Prob. 15WIOCh. 21 - List five adaptations that enable (a) fishes to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 17WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 18WIOCh. 21 - Summarize the evidence for the idea that birds are...Ch. 21 - Prob. 20WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 21WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 22WIOCh. 21 - How are fishes, amphibians, nonavian reptiles,...Ch. 21 - Give three examples of interactions between...Ch. 21 - Prob. 25WIOCh. 21 - Prob. 26WIOCh. 21 - Invasive animal species are disrupting ecosystems...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1PITCh. 21 - Prob. 2PITCh. 21 - 3. Draw a concept map that summarizes the...
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- Generate a present (1) or absent (0) code of each character. Afterward, draw the overall phylogenetic tree with the corresponding characters splitting the tree.arrow_forwardA consortium of dairy and beef farmers has hired you to study the evolutionary origins of domestic cattle. They particularly want to know whether the humped zebu cattle of Asia and the cattle of Africa are derived from different species of wild cattle than European breeds. Outline a complete research program to study this question. Describe the sequence of steps you would need to do, what kind of data you would collect, and the methods you could use to evaluate possible trees and branches.arrow_forwardWhat factors could be responsible for the size differences among modern vertebrate genomes?arrow_forward
- Which of the following best explains why coalescent-based phylogenetic inference is important in the age of phylogenomics? A) Coalescent-based methods directly model gene tree histories independently to infer the species tree in a summary-based manner, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. B) Coalescent-based methods have the most advanced evolutionary models of molecular evolution, which is important for phylogenomic analysis were hundreds to thousands of gene histories are analyzed. C) Coalescent-based methods are no more important than other types of phylogenetic inference, even for phylogenomic analyses. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardClausen and colleagues proposed two hypotheses to explain this variation within a species: (1) There are genetic differences between populations of plants found at different elevations. (2) The species has developmental flexibility and can assume tall or short growth forms, depending on local abiotic factors. If you had seeds from yarrow plants found at low and high elevations, what experiments would you perform to test these hypotheses? Select the three experiments.arrow_forwardHow is a phylogenetic “bootstrap value” calculated? Simplify and show the stepsarrow_forward
- Are these phylogenetic trees the same?arrow_forwardYou want to make a phylogenetic tree of a group of three related species of lizards that live on an island. Their genome sequences are highly similar except for a gene that controls body size. In that region of the genome, one of the lizard species has one copy of the growth control gene (L1), the second species has a duplication of the growth control gene (L2) and the third species has three copies of the same gene (L3). The lizard species show an increase in size depending on how many copies of the growth control gene they have (L1 is smallest, L2 is medium-sized and L3 is largest). Is this enough information to determine the phylogenetic relationships between the species, and predict which of the species arrived on the island first (and is the ancestral species)? Yes, because the ancestral lizard genome probably had a single copy of the growth control gene and after arriving on the island it was duplicated, resulting in species L2, and then another duplication occurred resulting in…arrow_forwardSequence data from OTUs are provided in the table below with values provided as (percentage distance x 1000) measurements. Determine the phylogenetic tree from the data in the table below using the UPGMA procedure mentioned in class. Berenstain Bear Berentstain Bear Care Bear Gummi Bear Paddington Bear Care Bear 160 Gummi Bear 150 40 Paddington Bear 80 130 120 Place each OTU in the correct box on the appropriate tree below. Do not label the incorrect tree. Care Bear Gummi Bear Berenstain Bear Paddington Beararrow_forward
- Three species of orchid bees are in the genus Euglossa and one is in the genus Eulaema. You don’t know which Euglossa are most related. Draw a phylogenetic tree of these species, including the outgroup Apis (genus of honey bees).arrow_forwardHow is a phylogenetic “bootstrap value” calculated?arrow_forwardwhat is a major problem with morphologically based analysis of wale placement in a phylogenetic tree ?arrow_forward
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