Chapter 22, Problem 1PDQ

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The experimental evidence that confirms scientist has introduced a useful gene into a transgenic organism and it performs as they anticipate.

Introduction:

The genetic engineering is the technique of artificial manipulation of the genes which includes the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient and artificial synthesizing of DNA. It is also called recombinant DNA technology. The scientist Paul Berg in 1972 produced the first recombinant DNA by joining the monkey SV40 virus DNA with lambda virus DNA. This genetic engineering possesses several applications in the commercial field.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The method of using the DNA analysis to determine that a human fetus has sickle-cell anemia

Introduction:

The genetic testing is the testing of genes that identifies any changes in the information contained in the DNA. It is mainly used for diagnosing the mutation occurs within the genome. It is the prognostic measure for a disease to enhance the better treatments for the patients. Genetic testing is divided into many types namely prenatal genetic testing, preimplantation genetic testing, carrier testing, newborn screening, etc.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The method of using the DNA microarray analysis to identify specific genes that are being expressed in a specific tissue.

Introduction:

The microarray is the molecular technique which is used to detect the gene expression pattern of many genes at the same time. The types of microarrays are DNA microarray, protein microarray, tissue microarray, peptide microarray, antibody microarray, cellular microarray, etc. This biochip consists of microscopic slides usually made up of nylon, silicon, and glass. It is also used in transcription factor binding analysis and genotyping

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

 That how GWAS are carried out and the information provided by it.

Introduction:

To identify the genes that influence the disease risk, microarray-based genomic analysis has led geneticists to employ powerful new strategies called genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It has been the great expansion in the GWAS that reported in the past 8 years. It has been reported that GWAS have resulted in 1000 scientific publications that join 3000 genetic variations to about 150 traits.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The technical reasons why gene therapy is difficult to carry out effectively.

Introduction:

The gene therapy is the effective treatment for cancer. It is the technique of replacement of functional gene in place of the defective gene. And thus the functional gene gets transcribed and results in the formation of normal phenotype rather than producing the defective one. This technique is divided into two types namely in-vivo gene therapy and ex-vivo gene therapy. There are three vectors are widely used in gene therapy namely retroviral vector, lentiviral vector, and adenoviral vector.