On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement. Given: The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila. Introduction: A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii , coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

Answer 12

Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 2R

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Chapter 22 Solutions