(a)
Interpretation:
How many moles of ATP are produced by phosphorylation in glycolysis of 1 mole of glucose should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Glycolysis: This is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic
(b)
Interpretation:
How many moles of ATP are produced by phosphorylation in aerobic conversion 1 mole of pyruvate to 1 mole of acetyl-CoA, should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Anaerobic conditions: This process is any organisms that does not require oxygen for growth, it react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.
This process used for industrial or domestic process to manage waste or to product fuels.
(c)
Interpretation:
It should be determined that how many moles of ATP are produced by phosphorylation in catabolism of 1 mole acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle.
Concept Introduction:
Catabolism: This is part of the
Metabolism: This process refers to biochemical process that occur any living organism including humans to maintain life.
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FUND.OF GEN CHEM CHAP 1-13 W/ACCESS
- In considering the carbohydrate maltose... a. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from its complete catabolism? b. How many rounds of Citric acid Cycle must occur to complete catabolism? c. How many rounds of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?arrow_forwardIf the conversion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate releases 1 molecule of ATP, how many molecules of ATP are released during the conversion of glycerol to pyruvate?arrow_forwardAssuming that the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is operative, a complete oxidation of five molecules of glucose (by a eukaryotic cell) into carbon dioxide and water would produce approximately _________ ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 2.5 ATP and FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)arrow_forward
- If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acid cycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energy yield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would be derived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O, and NH3? Of tyrosine?arrow_forwardHow many ATP molecules are generated from one complete metabolism of one molecule of maltose assuming all electrons of cytosolic NADH are transferred through the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?arrow_forwardThe two main goals of the citric acid cycle are: (a) citrate synthesis and gluconeogenesis (b).degradation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (c).degradation of pyruvate to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (d).degradation of glucose to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (e).degradation of pyruvate to produce energy and synthesize oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesisarrow_forward
- Two carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as acetyl-CoA. In what form are two carbon atoms removed from the cycle?arrow_forwardBetween two extremes. What is the role of a thioester in the formation of ATP in glycolysis?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the second step of Citric Acid Cycle? Select one: a. Isocitrate and then decarboxylated and oxidized to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, Carbon dioxide and NADH b. Succinyl-CoA becomes Succinate and forms one ATP molecule and Coenzyme A-SH c. alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce Succinyl-CoA, Carbon dioxide and NADH d. Malate is oxidized to become oxaloacetate forming NADH e. Fumarate is combined with water to become Malate f. Citrate is rearranged to become Isocitrate g. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to become acetyl-CoA producing NADH and Carbon dioxide h. Oxaloacetate combines with the acetyl from acetyl-CoA to produce Citric acid(citrate) i. Succinate is oxidized to become fumarate forming FADH2arrow_forward
- Maximal production of ATP from glucose involves the reactions of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Which of these reactions requires O2, and why? Which, in certain organisms or physiological conditions, can proceed in the absence of O2?arrow_forwardName a compound that can serve as a raw material for gluconeogenesis and is from the a.) glycolytic pathway ) from the citric acid cycle c.) an amino acid. Glucose is the only carbohydrate that the brain can use for energy. Which pathway is mobilized to supply the need of the brain during starvation?: a.) glycolysis b.) gluconeogenesis or c.) glycogenesis? Explain. The end product of glycolysis, pyruvate, cannot enter as such into the citric acid cycle. Which process converts this C3 compound to a C2 compound? Of the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway? Based on the names of the enzymes participating in glycolysis, what would be the name of the enzyme catalyzing the activation of glycerol?arrow_forwardOne consequence of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels of NADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is high levels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also a cytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate and NADPH as a reducing agent. Speculate about how a high level of cytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning