Concept explainers
To enlist:
The synapomorphy and the taxa defined by that synapomorphy for the groups pictured in figure 23.2. Name each group defined by a set of synapomorphies in a way that might be constructed as informative about what kind of characters define the group.
Introduction:
Systematics is used to construct a phylogeny which is an evolutionary tree that depicts the relationship among different species by studying the similarities or differences among different species. But similarities could arise either due to ancestral basis or due to derived characters like homoplasy or convergent evolution. Cladistics is the approach that distinguishes between the similarities due to ancestral reasons from the similarities due to derived characters.
Synapomorphic characters are those that are shared only by the descendants of an ancestral species.
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Chapter 23 Solutions
BIOLOGY 12E CONNECT ACCESS CARD
- Match synapomorphies with the appropriate clade.arrow_forwardIf a taxonomist constructs a rooted phylogenetic tree for a group of living species, the structure of the tree alone can be used to distinguish hypotheses of monophyly versus nonmonophyly of a particular subgroup. If monophyly is rejected for a particular subgroup, tree topology alone cannot distinguish paraphyly from polyphyly. What additional information is needed to distinguish paraphyly from polyphyly?arrow_forwardIn the binomial naming system, scientific names are written in italics, with the first word capitalized and the second not capitalized. The scientific name of a type of fungus beetle is therefore written as Gelae donut (pronounced “jelly donut,” seriously!). Which level of the classification system does each word of that scientific name represent? (Note: this is NOT a multiple choice question…) Gelae = donut =arrow_forward
- What are the ORDER/FAMILYs under Major Cubozoan Taxa? Give their characterictics, distribution, and give 2 example species each order/family.arrow_forwardWhat are the five major unranked taxa above the phylum level in animal taxonomy?arrow_forwardConstruct a character matrix with at least five characters for organisms beetle, pigeon, perch, salamander, and a mouse. (Pay attention to eyes, legs, number legs, antennae, body type/form; not limited to here). Then construct a phylogenetic tree using the character matrix and map the synapomorphies.arrow_forward
- Show a phylogenetic tree that reflects the evolutionary relationships between the following taxa. All of the taxa should be on one (1) tree; var. stands for variety, a subspecific taxon (just as a genus can contain several to many species, a species can include several varieties). Family Fagaceae Quercus rubra var. rubra Red oak Quercus rubra var. borealis northern red oak Quercus velutina Black oak Fagus grandifolia Beech Castanea dentata American chestnut Castanea pumila var. pumila Chinquapin Castanea pumila var. ashei Coastal chinquapin Family Betulaceae Betula nigra River birch Betula papyrifera Paper birch Corylus cornuta Beaked hazel-nut Corylus americana American hazel-nut asap pleasearrow_forwardConsider the cladogram shown. 1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)? 2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?arrow_forwardIdentify the following in the sample cladogram below: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, synapomorphy, autapomorphy, basal taxa, derived taxa.arrow_forward
- Choose the correct descriptions for synapomorphies and apomorphies. Synapomorphy: A derived trait unique to a single species Synapomorphy: A shared derived trait that unites a group of organisms Apomorphy: A trait shared by all members of a group due to common ancestry Apomorphy: A derived trait that can be unique to a single speciesarrow_forwardWhat is a phylum that is no longer considered for the rank of phylum and wasdemoted to family. What are the major considerations for this reclassification?arrow_forwardWhat is the sister group to Innovatiocaris maotianshanensis? The phylogeny shows that some named groups are not monophyletic. For each of the following groups, state whether it is monophyletic: Hurdia - YES OR NO Hurdidae- YES OR NO Lyrarapax- YES OR NO Amplectobelua- YES OR NO Amplectobeluidae- YES OR NO Anomalocaris- YES OR NOarrow_forward
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