Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The formation of
Concept introduction:
The replacement or substitution of one functional group with another functional group in any
The electron deficient chemical species that contains positive charge or have a deficiency of electrons are known as an electrophile.
In an electrophilic
In electrophilic aromatic substitution, if the ring bears several substituents, then the orientation is controlled by the most activating substituent.
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-W/STUD.SOLN.MAN.
- Choose the best reagents from the list provided below for carrying out the following conversion. Match the reagent with the step number. HCl (aq), Zn(Hg) KMnO4, H3O+ CH3Cl, AlCl3 HNO3, H2SO4 Cl2, FeCl3 fuming sulfuric acidarrow_forwardwe know that ethers, such as diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, are quite resistant to the action of dilute acids and require hot concentrated HI or HBr for cleavage. However, acetals in which two ether groups are linked to the same carbon undergo hydrolysis readily, even in dilute aqueous acid. How do you account for this marked difference in chemical reactivity toward dilute aqueous acid between ethers and acetals?arrow_forwardA graduate student tried to make o-fluorophenylmagnesium bromide by adding magnesium to an ether solution of o-fluorobromobenzene. After obtaining puzzling results with this reaction, she repeated the reaction by using as solvent some tetrahydrofuran that contained a small amount of furan. From this reaction, she isolated a fair yield of the compound that follows. Propose a mechanism for its formation.arrow_forward
- 1. What effect would you expect on the rate of reaction of ethanol with 2-iodo-2-methyl-butane if the concentration of the halide is tripled? 2. Explain the difference between addition, elimination and substitutionreactions. 3. Optically active 2-butanol slowly racemizes on standing in dilute sulfuricacid. Propose a mechanism to account for this observation.arrow_forwardWhich of these is the rate-determining step in the nitration of benzene? A. Protonation of HNO3 B. Loss of H2O by HNO3 C. Formation of sigma complex D. Loss of H+ by sigma complex E. Protonation of H2SO4arrow_forwardConversion of an alkene to a halohydrin and internal displacement of a halide ion by an alkoxide ion are both stereoselective. Use this information to demonstrate that the configuration of the alkene is preserved in the epoxide. As an illustration, show that reaction of cis-2-butene by this two-step sequence gives cis-2,3- dimethyloxirane (cis-2-butene oxide).arrow_forward
- Give a detailed reaction mechanism for the reaction expected to occur when 2-bromo-2-methylpentane is heated with sodium methoxide. Draw clear structural formulas of all relevant species and use curved arrows to represent electron flow. Discuss the stability of the final compoundarrow_forwardWhen 1 mole of buta-1,3-diene reacts with 1 mole of HBr, both 3-bromobut-1-ene and 1-bromobut-2-ene are formed. Propose a mechanism to account for this mixture of products.arrow_forwardIn an aqueous solution containing sodium bicarbonate, aniline reacts quickly with bromine to give 2,4,6-tribromoaniline. Nitration of aniline requires very strong conditions, however, and the yields (mostly m-nitroaniline) are poor.Explain why nitration of aniline is so sluggish and why it gives mostly metasubstitution.arrow_forward
- Propose a mechanism and use stability factors to account for the formation of a major product in the reaction of pyrrole with Br2, FeBr3.arrow_forwardPinacol (2,3-dimethyl 2,3-butanediol) gives a mixture of pinacolone (3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone) and 2,3-dimethyl 1,3-butadiene by treating with acid. Sketch a reasonable mechanism for the formation of both products. sketch this mechanism pleaseShow mechanisms for both productsarrow_forwardDiels Alder Reaction of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Purpose of the Experiment: To successfully synthesize dimethyltetraphenylphthalate via a Diels Alder reaction. The melting point of the product is 258oC. Why should we not do a melting point of the product? The intermediate in brackets loses CO to form the product at 180oC. If the C=O were replaced by CH2, do you think the same type of reaction would happen with loss of :CH2?arrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning