Chapter 23.8, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product formed in each of the given reactions is to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

In an electrophilic aromatic substitution, if the ring bears several substituents, then the orientation is controlled by the most activating substituent.

Phenols contain hydroxyl $\left(\text{OH}\right)$ functional group attached to an aromatic ring. In the ring, the electron withdrawing groups (EWG) decrease the electron density, thereby stabilizing the phenoxide ion.

On the other hand, the electron donating groups (EDG) increase the electron density, thereby destabilizing the phenoxide ion.

Phenols undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction due to the presence of the hydroxyl group that activates itself towards electrophilic substitution.

The hydroxyl group causes the resonance effect due to which the ortho and para positions of the phenol ring become electron rich.