Introduction:
The buffer resists the changes of the pH in a solution by converting the strong acid to the weak acid or the strong base to the weak base. Physiological as well as chemical buffer systems regulate the stabilization and homeostasis of the body pH.
Chemical buffer: It is a substance that binds to hydrogen ions and removes them from a solution when the concentration of hydrogen ions begins to increase or the substance releases hydrogen ions to the solution when the concentration of hydrogen ions begins to decrease. Within a second, the normal pH of the solution is restored by the chemical buffers. The chemical buffer systems are categorized into three types namely bicarbonate, the phosphate, and the protein systems.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THE UNITY OF FORM
- Definitions of acidosis and alkalosis are provided. In this system, what role do buffers play?arrow_forwardMetabolic acidosis is often treated by administering hydrogen carbonate intravenously. Explain how this treatment can increase blood plasma pH.arrow_forwardgiven the pCO2 and pH of systemic arterial blood, be able to identify the type of acid-base imbalance (respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis). After identifying the type of acid-base imbalance, be able to determine what type of compensation will occur to restore pHarrow_forward
- Three systems of the body help regulate acid/base balance - buffer system, respiratory system and renal system. Describe the renal response in a person experiencing metabolic alkalosis due to severe vomiting. Provide the general formula for pH control in acid/base regulation.arrow_forwardExplain thoroughly the Buffering Action of following Biological or Physiological Buffers:(a) Phosphate Buffer System.(b) Bicarbonate Buffer system.arrow_forwardWhat is the flow rate of a 100 mg/ 400 mL solution strength ordered to be infused at a rate of 20 mg/ h?arrow_forward
- Discuss thoroughly the renal regulation of acid-base balance in the body with the illustration of conservation of bicarbonate ion in the kidney.arrow_forwardWhat are the three chemical buffering systems, and where do they function?arrow_forwardOne type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle? B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.arrow_forward
- In general, how do the kidneys respond in times of acidosis? What substances act as buffers to "trap" H+ in the kidney's filtrate?arrow_forwardWhich three statements accurately describe the blood buffering system in humans? - The blood buffering system utilizes the H2CO3H2CO3/HCO–3HCO3– conjugate acid/base pair. - The blood buffering system utilizes the acetic acid/acetate conjugate acid/base pair. - The blood buffering system is facilitated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which interconverts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid, ionizing into bicarbonate and H+H+ . - The blood buffering system maintains the pH of blood near 7.4. - The blood buffering system depends on the ionization of H2PO–4H2PO4– .arrow_forward1. 3 of the following are true of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) A. The JG cells are located at the distal collecting tubule B. The Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) are modified smooth muscles in the afferent arteriole C. The Macula densa detects osmolality of the filtrate D. The Macula densa is made up of tall columnar cells 2. 2 of the following are true of the RAAS responding to a decrease in Na in the filtrate A. Macula densa detects the decrease in osmolality B. JG cells are stimulated by Macula densa through tight junctions C. Aldosterone stimulates principal cells of collecting tubule to reabsorb water D. Aldosterone reabsorbs Na and by osmotic forces increase fluid in the extracellular compartment 3. 2 of the following are true of the loop of Henle A. Descending thick limb is also called the pars recta of the proximal tubule B. The function of the descending thick limb is similar to the distal convoluted tubule C. Cells of the descending thin limb are very…arrow_forward
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