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To explain:
Whether the pathogenic bacterium toxin that causes symptoms of spreading from host to host is an endotoxin or exotoxin.
Concept introduction:
Exotoxins are the protein antigens present on the surface of bacterium that have the ability to cause disease due to the high toxic potential. The endotoxins are composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present on the surface of the bacterium. They have less antigenic and toxic potential as compared to the endotoxins. The spread of the disease is caused by both the strain of bacteria; therefore, it is not possible to predict that the toxin secreted in the body is an endotoxin or an exotoxin.
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Chapter 24 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
- Once these pathogens enter the host the difference in environmental conditions signals for them to germinate and turn into growing cells. Compare Inhalation anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) to Tetanus (Clostridium tetani). Besides endospores used in transmission, what is a simple explanation to help explain how each microbe survives and grows in each location?arrow_forwardIdentify at least 2 bacterial cell structures that are associated with virulence and pathogenicity. Explain each.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true of commensal bacterium? Question 2 options: A) commensal bacteria do not receive any benefit from its host B) commensal bacteria only colonize adult hosts C) commensal bacterium may also be an opportunistic pathogen D) commensal bacterium cannot cause an infection its hostarrow_forward
- Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms are direct effects of the pathogen, some damaging mechanisms result from the immune response to the infection. Examples of damage caused by the host immune response are: a) Exotoxin production, endotoxin b) Cell-mediated inmunity, direct cytopathic effect c) Endotoxin, inmmunune complexes d) Direct cythopathic effect, endotoxin e) Cell-mediated inmunity, inmmunune complexesarrow_forwardHow will the following factors contribute to the ability ofbacteria to invade the host?A. Antigenic variationB. Penetration into the Host cell cytoskeletonarrow_forwardCompare and contrast Bacterial Endotoxins and Exotoxins at 4 levels:arrow_forward
- Which infection would be easier to contract from eating seafood, shigellosis or cholera? Explain. Give typing answer with explanation and conclusionarrow_forwardDifferent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes much versatility. Virulence factors include which of the following? Choose one or more: A.A capsule that, when thick, will help the organism avoid phagocytosis by macrophages B.A cell wall containing lipoteichoic acid, thought to facilitate adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells C.Enzymes that lyse blood cells (streptolysins) D.The production of several endotoxins called streptococcal pyogenic endotoxins (SPEs)arrow_forwardBelow are a list of virulence factors/ strategies paired with an example of an organism that utilizes them. How do each of the following strategies contribute to the virulence of the pathogen? Strategy - Causes the host to produce more receptors (Organism - Rhinovirus) Strategy - Produces gas as a product of fermentation (Organism - Clostridium perfringens) Strategy - Produces a capsule (organism - Klebsiella pneumonia) Strategy - Ability to move between adjacent cells (organism - Cytomegalovirus) Strategy - Ability to use pilus as a motility structure (organism - Pseudomonas aerogenosa)arrow_forward
- The patient was a 44 year-old male with a past medical history significant for hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, high cholesterol, and heavy smoking (2 packs/day). He presented to the emergency room with complaints of chest pain and was found to have suffered a myocardial infarction (heart attack). A cardiac catheterization on hospital day 3 showed three arterial occlusions, and he underwent a triple-bypass on hospital day 5. On day 7, he developed septic shock with acute respiratory and renal failure, requiring intubation. He had a fever at that time of 39.3° C and two blood cultures were obtained. A chest x-ray showed left lung pleural effusion and a chest tube was inserted to drain the effusion. On day 11, pus was leaking from the sternal wound. Cultures derived from the wound and from the chest tube grew the organism noted in figures 1 and 2. A Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay is shown in figure 3. Figure 1: Organism under 1000x #LEHET A ALBUFE ALTHO 65 greets Figure 2:…arrow_forwardOur environment contains masses of microorganisms, many of which reside as commensal organisms on our body’s mucosal and epithelial surfaces without causing disease. What two features distinguish a pathogenic microbe from these commensal microbes?arrow_forwardWhy does Helicobacter pylori cause ulceractions in the lining of the Stomach? 1)The microbes secrete a toxin that prevents the host from detecting invasion of the microbe and thus allows it to thrive in the stomach and damage the host cells. 2)After invasion of the microbe in the cells lining the stomach, they are no longer able to produce mucous to protect the host cells from acid erosion 3)The microbe produces an enzyme that causes the cell to produce potent digestive enzymes that erode the stomach lining. 4)Once the microbe has entered the stomach, it releases digestive enzymes that degrade the mucous secreting cells.arrow_forward