The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water. Introduction: Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification. The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria: Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii Characteristics Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic Gram status + – – – Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30 Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer °C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The bacteria appropriate for reducing nitrate concentration found in a sample of municipal sewage water.

Introduction:

Nitrates refer to the essential source of nitrogen for the plants. Nitrification is basically the biological oxidation of the ammonium or ammonia to nitrite, which is followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. This transformation of ammonia to nitrite is generally the rate-limiting step of the nitrification. Whereas, denitrification refers to the loss or the removal of the nitrogen and compounds of nitrogen. Many bacteria help in this process of denitrification.

The table given below gives details of characteristics of four bacteria:

Name of Bacteria Clostridium novyi Thermus aquaticus Paracoccus denitrificans Trichodesmium thiebautii

Characteristics

Metabolism Obligate anaerobic Obligate aerobic Facultative anaerobic Facultative anaerobic

Gram status + – – –

Optimal temperature (°C) 10–40 50–80 5–30 10–30

Typical habitat Terrestrial Aquatic Aquatic Aquatic

Miscellaneous Chemotroph Denitrifier Nitrogen fixer

°C, Degree Celsius; (+), positive, (–), negative.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given statement, concentration of nitrate in municipal sewage water is very high, which is beyond the acceptable level. High concentration of nitrates can be reduced by the process of denitrification. This process is facilitated by denitrifying bacteria.

The facultative anaerobic bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans is the most appropriate bacteria for reducing nitrate concentration. In the process of denitrification, the bacterium reduces the nitrate to produce molecular nitrogen. This process is usually used in to reduce nitrate or nitrite concentration from sewage water.

Paracoccus denitrificans is a denitrifying bacterium and can survive in both organic and inorganic media. This bacterium performs the process of denitrification as a part of respiration, in which the nitrate is reduced in response to oxidation of an electron donor and finally the denitrification completed with the production of dinitrogen. During reducing nitrate, the bacteria produce intermediate products.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that Paracoccus denitrificans is used to reduce the concentration of nitrates from the municipal sewage water. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobic organism and also a denitrifier.

Answer 12

Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 25.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 2R

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Chapter 25 Solutions

Name of Bacteria	*Clostridium novyi*	*Thermus aquaticus*	*Paracoccus denitrificans*	*Trichodesmium thiebautii*
Characteristics	*Clostridium novyi*	*Thermus aquaticus*	*Paracoccus denitrificans*	*Trichodesmium thiebautii*
Metabolism	Obligate anaerobic	Obligate aerobic	Facultative anaerobic	Facultative anaerobic
Gram status	+	–	–	–
Optimal temperature (°C)	10–40	50–80	5–30	10–30
Typical habitat	Terrestrial	Aquatic	Aquatic	Aquatic
Miscellaneous		Chemotroph	Denitrifier	Nitrogen fixer