Chapter 26, Problem 23P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: If the first base in the $3\text{'}$ end of the given mRNA codon is altered to A, then the change occurred after this mutation has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

RNA is the abbreviation term of “Ribonucleic Acid”. It is a complex molecule found in all living things.

RNA helps to make proteins.

Important RNAs such as messenger RNA (mRNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) and their functions are mentioned below,

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{RNA}& \text{Function}\\ \text{mRNA}& \text{instructions}\text{to}\text{protein}\\ \text{rRNA}& \text{part}\text{of}\text{the}\text{ribosomes}\\ \text{tRNA}& \begin{array}{l}\text{carriers}\text{that}\text{match}\text{amino}\text{acids}\\ \text{to}\text{codons}\text{during}\text{translation}\end{array}\end{array}$

Codons are the sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies the amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Some amino acids and their corresponding mRNA codons are listed below,

$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cc}\text{Amino}{\text{acid}}^{\text{*}}& \text{mRNA}\text{codons}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Ala}}\text{nine}& \text{GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Asp}}\text{aragine}& \text{GAU,GAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Val}}\text{ine}& \text{GUU,GUC,GUA,GUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{His}}\text{tidine}& \text{CAU,CAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Met}}\text{hionine}& \text{AUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Cys}}\text{teine}& \text{UGU,UGC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Pro}}\text{line}& \text{CCU,CCC,CCA,CCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Lys}}\text{ine}& \text{AAA,AAG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Gly}}\text{cine}& \text{GGU,GGC,GGA,GGG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Tyr}}\text{osine}& \text{UAU,UAC}\end{array}\\ \text{*}\text{The}\text{three}\text{letter}\text{code}\text{for}\text{each}\text{aminoacid}\text{is}\text{underlined}\text{.}\end{array}$

Anticodons are the matching sequence on the tRNA to the codon on the mRNA.

A base is nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound which is found in DNA and RNA.

There are mainly four nitrogen bases in RNA.

1. (1) Adenine
2. (2) Guanine
3. (3) Cytosine
4. (4) Uracil

In RNA, Adenine always makes a double bond with uracil ($A=U$) and cytosine always makes triple bond with guanine $\left(G\equiv C\right)$

Mutation is the process that results in change in the sequence of the DNA.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: If the second base in the $3\text{'}$ end of the given mRNA codon is altered to A, then the change occurred after this mutation has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

RNA is the abbreviation term of “Ribonucleic Acid”. It is a complex molecule found in all living things.

RNA helps to make proteins.

Important RNAs such as messenger RNA (mRNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) and their functions are mentioned below,

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{RNA}& \text{Function}\\ \text{mRNA}& \text{instructions}\text{to}\text{protein}\\ \text{rRNA}& \text{part}\text{of}\text{the}\text{ribosomes}\\ \text{tRNA}& \begin{array}{l}\text{carriers}\text{that}\text{match}\text{amino}\text{acids}\\ \text{to}\text{codons}\text{during}\text{translation}\end{array}\end{array}$

Codons are the sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies the amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Some amino acids and their corresponding mRNA codons are listed below,

$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cc}\text{Amino}{\text{acid}}^{\text{*}}& \text{mRNA}\text{codons}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Ala}}\text{nine}& \text{GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Asp}}\text{aragine}& \text{GAU,GAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Val}}\text{ine}& \text{GUU,GUC,GUA,GUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{His}}\text{tidine}& \text{CAU,CAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Met}}\text{hionine}& \text{AUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Cys}}\text{teine}& \text{UGU,UGC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Pro}}\text{line}& \text{CCU,CCC,CCA,CCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Lys}}\text{ine}& \text{AAA,AAG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Gly}}\text{cine}& \text{GGU,GGC,GGA,GGG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Tyr}}\text{osine}& \text{UAU,UAC}\end{array}\\ \text{*}\text{The}\text{three}\text{letter}\text{code}\text{for}\text{each}\text{aminoacid}\text{is}\text{underlined}\text{.}\end{array}$

Anticodons are the matching sequence on the tRNA to the codon on the mRNA.

A base is nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound which is found in DNA and RNA.

There are mainly four nitrogen bases in RNA.

1. (1) Adenine
2. (2) Guanine
3. (3) Cytosine
4. (4) Uracil

In RNA, Adenine always makes a double bond with uracil ($A=U$) and cytosine always makes triple bond with guanine $\left(G\equiv C\right)$

Mutation is the process that results in change in the sequence of the DNA.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: If the third base in the $3\text{'}$ end of the given mRNA codon is altered to A, then the change occurred after this mutation has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

RNA is the abbreviation term of “Ribonucleic Acid”. It is a complex molecule found in all living things.

RNA helps to make proteins.

Important RNAs such as messenger RNA (mRNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) and their functions are mentioned below,

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{RNA}& \text{Function}\\ \text{mRNA}& \text{instructions}\text{to}\text{protein}\\ \text{rRNA}& \text{part}\text{of}\text{the}\text{ribosomes}\\ \text{tRNA}& \begin{array}{l}\text{carriers}\text{that}\text{match}\text{amino}\text{acids}\\ \text{to}\text{codons}\text{during}\text{translation}\end{array}\end{array}$

Codons are the sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies the amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Some amino acids and their corresponding mRNA codons are listed below,

$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cc}\text{Amino}{\text{acid}}^{\text{*}}& \text{mRNA}\text{codons}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Ala}}\text{nine}& \text{GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Asp}}\text{aragine}& \text{GAU,GAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Val}}\text{ine}& \text{GUU,GUC,GUA,GUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{His}}\text{tidine}& \text{CAU,CAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Met}}\text{hionine}& \text{AUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Cys}}\text{teine}& \text{UGU,UGC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Pro}}\text{line}& \text{CCU,CCC,CCA,CCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Lys}}\text{ine}& \text{AAA,AAG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Gly}}\text{cine}& \text{GGU,GGC,GGA,GGG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Tyr}}\text{osine}& \text{UAU,UAC}\end{array}\\ \text{*}\text{The}\text{three}\text{letter}\text{code}\text{for}\text{each}\text{aminoacid}\text{is}\text{underlined}\text{.}\end{array}$

Anticodons are the matching sequence on the tRNA to the codon on the mRNA.

A base is nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound which is found in DNA and RNA.

There are mainly four nitrogen bases in RNA.

1. (1) Adenine
2. (2) Guanine
3. (3) Cytosine
4. (4) Uracil

In RNA, Adenine always makes a double bond with uracil ($A=U$) and cytosine always makes triple bond with guanine $\left(G\equiv C\right)$

Mutation is the process that results in change in the sequence of the DNA.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: If the third base in the $3\text{'}$ end of the given mRNA codon is altered to G, then the change occurred after this mutation has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

RNA is the abbreviation term of “Ribonucleic Acid”. It is a complex molecule found in all living things.

RNA helps to make proteins.

Important RNAs such as messenger RNA (mRNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and tRNA (transfer RNA) and their functions are mentioned below,

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{RNA}& \text{Function}\\ \text{mRNA}& \text{instructions}\text{to}\text{protein}\\ \text{rRNA}& \text{part}\text{of}\text{the}\text{ribosomes}\\ \text{tRNA}& \begin{array}{l}\text{carriers}\text{that}\text{match}\text{amino}\text{acids}\\ \text{to}\text{codons}\text{during}\text{translation}\end{array}\end{array}$

Codons are the sequence of three bases in mRNA that specifies the amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.

Some amino acids and their corresponding mRNA codons are listed below,

$\begin{array}{l}\begin{array}{cc}\text{Amino}{\text{acid}}^{\text{*}}& \text{mRNA}\text{codons}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Ala}}\text{nine}& \text{GCU,GCC,GCA,GCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Asp}}\text{aragine}& \text{GAU,GAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Val}}\text{ine}& \text{GUU,GUC,GUA,GUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{His}}\text{tidine}& \text{CAU,CAC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Met}}\text{hionine}& \text{AUG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Cys}}\text{teine}& \text{UGU,UGC}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Pro}}\text{line}& \text{CCU,CCC,CCA,CCG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Lys}}\text{ine}& \text{AAA,AAG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Gly}}\text{cine}& \text{GGU,GGC,GGA,GGG}\\ \underset{\_}{\text{Tyr}}\text{osine}& \text{UAU,UAC}\end{array}\\ \text{*}\text{The}\text{three}\text{letter}\text{code}\text{for}\text{each}\text{aminoacid}\text{is}\text{underlined}\text{.}\end{array}$

Anticodons are the matching sequence on the tRNA to the codon on the mRNA.

A base is nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound which is found in DNA and RNA.

There are mainly four nitrogen bases in RNA.

1. (1) Adenine
2. (2) Guanine
3. (3) Cytosine
4. (4) Uracil

In RNA, Adenine always makes a double bond with uracil ($A=U$) and cytosine always makes triple bond with guanine $\left(G\equiv C\right)$

Mutation is the process that results in change in the sequence of the DNA.