CUSTOM PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781266032844
Author: WILLEY
Publisher: MCG
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Chapter 26, Problem 3AL
Summary Introduction
The bacteriophage T4 is the most considered and studied bacteriophage that belongs to the Myoviridae family. This bacteriophage is virulent in nature. These bacteriophages are able to undergo only lytic due to their virulent nature. That is when this bacteriophage infects a host that results merely in the lysis of the host.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein.
a) What results would be predicted if…
Mice and humans with inactivating mutations in the
gene encoding activation-induced cytidine
deaminase (AID) have an immunodeficiency disease
known as 'hyper IgM type 2'. Since AID is the enzyme
that catalyzes the conversion of cytosines in the DNA
to uracils, thereby initiating the process of somatic
hypermutation, why do individuals with this
deficiency only produce IgM antibodies?
An important mechanism for generating diversity in immunoglobulin light chain V-region sequences is based on the fact that the RAG recombinase generates hairpin structures, rather than blunt ends, at the cleavage sites between the recombination signal sequences and the coding sequences. Explain how this mechanism generates diversity at the junctions.
Chapter 26 Solutions
CUSTOM PRESCOTT'S MICROBIOLOGY
Ch. 26.1 - List some characteristics used in classifying...Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.2 - Prob. 1MICh. 26.2 - Why do you think T4 evolved to initiate DNA...Ch. 26.2 - What function does HMC glycosylation serve?Ch. 26.2 - Explain why the T4 genome is circularly permuted.Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 1.2CCCh. 26.2 - How is a prophage induced to become active again?Ch. 26.2 - Describe the roles of cII, CIII, repressor (CI),...Ch. 26.2 - How do the temperate phages Mu and P1 differ from...
Ch. 26.2 - How is the envelope of this virus formed? How does...Ch. 26.2 - Why do cold sores recur throughout the lifetime of...Ch. 26.2 - In what part of the host cell does a herpesvirus...Ch. 26.2 - Many small DNA viruses rely on host enzymes for...Ch. 26.3 - Why is the X174 genome considered plus stranded?Ch. 26.3 - Why is it necessary for some ssDNA viruses to...Ch. 26.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - How do parvoviruses trick the host DNA polymerase...Ch. 26.4 - The rotavirus genome encodes 12 proteins. Suggest...Ch. 26.4 - Describe the life cycle of 6 phage. What makes...Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.4 - In what ways are the life cycles of 6 and...Ch. 26.5 - Where in the host does the plus-strand RNA genome...Ch. 26.5 - How do some plus-strand viruses use polyproteins...Ch. 26.5 - What is an IRES? Why is it important?Ch. 26.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.6 - How does that use of a segmented genome by...Ch. 26.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.7 - Prob. 1MICh. 26.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.7 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.7 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.8 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.8 - Trace the HBV multiplication cycle, paying...Ch. 26 - Prob. 1RCCh. 26 - Prob. 2RCCh. 26 - Prob. 3RCCh. 26 - Prob. 4RCCh. 26 - No temperate RNA phages have yet been discovered....Ch. 26 - The choice between lysogeny and lysis is...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3ALCh. 26 - You are studying RNA viruses and have discovered a...Ch. 26 - Prob. 5ALCh. 26 - Prob. 6AL
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- The mouse thymus normally contains about 1–2 ´ 108 thymocytes, the vast majority of which are CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) cells. When thymocytes from mice with a gene deficiency in the TCRa locus are compared with those from TCRb-deficient mice, a striking difference between the two different knockout lines is observed, as shown in the figure below in a simplified version of flow cytometry data. The numbers of thymocytes in each thymus is indicated below the plots. What is the explanation for the difference in thymocyte subsets and cell numbers observed when comparing TCRa-/- to TCRb-/- thymocytes? Which region of the thymus organ would show a dearth of developing thymocytes in the TCRa-/- thymus? Which region in the TCRb-/- thymus?arrow_forwardThe MARCH-1 E3-ubiquitin ligase is expressed in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The pathway regulated by MARCH-1 is targeted by some pathogens in an immune evasion strategy. In this strategy, the pathogens encode: A protein that induces degradation of MARCH-1 A protein that mimics MARCH-1 and functions similarly A protein that binds to MARCH-1 and inhibits its function A protein that is induced by IL-10 in macrophages and dendritic cells A protein that induces degradation of CD86arrow_forwardEntanercept is a pharmaceutical that is composed of a recombinant receptor for human tumor necrosis factor, fused to the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin IgG. How does it work?arrow_forward
- Each immunoglobulin (Ig) domain is composed of a structure known as a ‘b-sandwich,’ which consists of two b sheets covalently linked by a disulfide bond. Only a subset of the ~110 amino acids in each domain are required to establish this overall structure, and it is these amino acids that are highly conserved when comparing Ig domains to each other. What might be the advantage of this structure for use as antibody variable domains?arrow_forwardThere was a study done (Isabel, et al.) on structural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The researchers hypothesized that a mutation in Asp 614 to Gly 614 will result in a loss of four inter-chain destabilizing (i.e., hydrophobic-hydrophilic) contacts. I attached an image that illustrates this (C). My question is: how does this classify as a repelling effect when Asp 614 should be hydrogen bonding with Thr 859? If Asp 614 is mutated to Gly 614, then wouldn't this hydrogen bonding no longer occur? Just not too sure what this hydrophobic-hydrophilic repelling effect is referring to exactly.arrow_forwardThe Pathway presented shows you how the pathway is regulated with a Ras-GEF. Explain how adding a Ras-GAP to the cell would A) specifically affect the molecules of the signaling pathway and B) affect the response of the cell.arrow_forward
- Antibodies that bind with high affinity to some viral surface proteins require heavy chain CDR3 loops of unusual length. Whereas the average human heavy chain CDR3 length is ~15 amino acids, antibodies with VH CDR3 loops of >30 amino acids are readily detected in the repertoire. These antibody heavy chains with CDR3 lengths of >30 amino acids would likely be missing in individuals lacking: RAG-1 and RAG-2 DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) The nuclease, Artemis The Ku70:Ku80 complex Terminal deoxy nucleotidyl transferase (TdT)arrow_forwardConsider the V region domains of the TCRα and TCRβ chains and the genetic loci that encode them. Which TCR chain is more genetically analogous to Ig light chain and Why?arrow_forwardGiven that the the trp operon is a negative repressible operon what happens to the trp repressor in the absence of the tryptophan co repressor? What is a way that adaptive immunity can recruit innate immunity? How an operon controls transcription in a prokaryotic cells?arrow_forward
- The streptolysin S toxin made by S. pyogenes is encoded by a 9-gene operon, sagABCDEFGHI. Thinking about what a 3-line diagram would look like for this operon, answer the following questions. Write numeric answers only. For example, if your answer is 6 promoters, write only 6. 1) How many promoters control the expression of these genes? 2) How many locations does RNA Polymerase bind to get full expression of these genes? 3) How many ribosome binding sites are needed for full protein expression? 4) How many start codons will be needed for full protein expression? 5) How many mRNA strands will be produced with full operon expression? 6) How many proteins will be produced with full protein expression? 1arrow_forwardRNAi is currently being tested as a therapeutic tool for genetic diseases and other conditions. Consider the following: cystic fibrosis caused by loss of function of the CFTR gene, HIV infection, and cancer caused by hyperactivity of a growth factor receptor. Which of these may be treatable by RNAi, and which not? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardWhy is phospholipase c is the target on this western blot explain in detailarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education