(a)
Interpretation:
The description for the influence of temperature for a reversed-phase chromatographic separation of a steroid mixture is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The chromatography is the method of separation of the mixtures of the substances in their compounds. There are various forms of chromatography and all works on the same principle. The mobile phase of the compounds flows through the stationary phase of the compounds and carries the mixture of components along with it.
The higher performance liquid chromatography is used for the liquid-liquid chromatography and both the phases consists only liquid solutions.
(b)
Interpretation:
The description for the influence of temperature for an adsorption chromatographic separation of a mixture of closely related isomers is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The chromatography is the method of separation of the mixtures of the substances in their compounds. There are various forms of chromatography and all works on the same principle. The mobile phase of the compounds flows through the stationary phase of the compounds and carries the mixture of components along with it.
The gas chromatography is also known as gas-solid chromatography in which solid is present in the stationary phase and gas is present in the mobile phase.
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Chapter 28 Solutions
PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
- Use a suitable model to explain how separation and identification of a mixture of organic compounds can be achieved with a thin layer chromatographic (TLC) technique.arrow_forwardDiethylamine (C4H₁1N) and n-butylamine (C4H₁1N) are colorless liquid amine compounds, suggest chromatographic conditions (stationary and mobile phases, pH of the sample) in order to separate these compounds using IEC. Predict the retention.arrow_forwardA solute with a partition coefficient of 4.0 is extracted from 10.0 mL of phase 1 into phase 2. a) What volume ofphase 2 is needed to extract 99% of the solute in one extraction? b) What is the total volume of solvent 2 neededto remove 99% of the solute in three equal extractions instead?arrow_forward
- In color chromatography of plant pigments, what complications would a dried-out column (solvent level is below the top of the silica) introduce to the elution and isolation of pigments?arrow_forwardWhich statements are true for molecular exclusion chromatography?I Molecular exclusion chromatography separates on the basis of size.II Small molecules can fit in the pores of the stationary phase and effectively pass through a larger volume, and elute last.III The pores in the stationary phase are too small for large molecules to pass through, so large molecules elute first.IV Molecular exclusion chromatography with a hydrophilic stationary phase and an aqueous solvent is called gel permeation chromatography. A. I, II, III B. III and IV C. II only D. I and II only E. I, III, and IVarrow_forward1. From spinach, the chromatographic analysis will yield two major substances: (a) B-carotene (C40H56), which will separate from the spinach mixture to form a yellow band, and (b) chlorophyll A (CSSH72MGN4OS), which will separate from the mixture to form a green band. i. Describe the characteristics and draw structures of these molecules. ii. From the spectrophotometric analysis, what wavelength (Amax) would you expect ß-carotene (C40H56) to absorb? What wavelength would chlorophyll A (CssH72MgN4O5) absorb?arrow_forward
- 2. Thin layer chromatography was performed to find the most effective mobile phase needed to separate a mixture containing three compounds (using silica gel as the stationary phase). TLC analyses were performed using five different mobile phases: (A) pure petroleum ether; (B) 25:75 ethyl acetate:petroleum ether; (c) 50:50 ethyl acetate:petroleum ether (D) 75:25 ethyl acetate:petroleum ether; and (E) pure ethyl acetate. Using the TLC results provided, indicate whether an effective separation was achieved for each of the five mobile phases. Be sure to provide a brief explanation for your answer and identify which mobile phase(s) could be used to offer an effective separation of this mixture using column chromatography. A D Earrow_forwardThe separation of APAP-L,(12 = 0.28 min) from APAP-D (W12 = 0.35 min) on a chiral stationary phase was found to have retention times of 4.78 min and 5.26 min, respectively. With a unretained solute being, found to have a retention time of 1.1 min on the same column. Calculate the column resolution and selectivity factorarrow_forward2. a) Below are the compounds (A) Codeine, (B) Methadone and (C) morphine. What would be the predicted HPLC elution order using a C-18 reverse phase column, 5 µm particles and 50% acetonitrile/H2O mobile phase? Explain MeO HO Me HO A B C b) Rank the following solvent in terms of elutropic strength for Normal Phase chromatography (Ethyl Acetate, Acetonitrile, H2O and Pentane.)arrow_forward
- Classify the descriptions based on whether they apply to ion‑exchange, size‑exclusion, or both types of chromatography columns. - Proteins move through the column at rates determined by their net charge. - The gel bed will contain polymer beads with charged functional groups. - Proteins move through the column at rates determined by their size. - The gel bed will contain porous polymer beads. - The properties of the proteins affect the rate at which they migrate. - Proteins are separated based on differences in their amino acid sequences.arrow_forwardSelect wether the following statements are True or False: Two compounds that are separated on a 10 cm column have a resolution equal to 1.5. If all conditions remain identical, if the length of the column is doubled, the resolution will increase. An example of a stationary phase support used in strong anion exchange would be a quarternary ammonium-functionalized polymer. In normal phase chromatography, a more polar compound will have a higher partition coefficient than a compound that is less polar. In gas chromatography, compound with higher boiling points generally (but not necessarily) elute later than compounds with lower boiling points. In a chromatographic separation, a compound with a capacity factor equal to 1 must spend an equal amount of time in the mobile phase as it does in the stationary phase.arrow_forwardBriefly explain how cation exchange chromatography can used in protein separation?arrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage LearningEBK A SMALL SCALE APPROACH TO ORGANIC LChemistryISBN:9781305446021Author:LampmanPublisher:CENGAGE LEARNING - CONSIGNMENT