Concept explainers
(a)
To explain: The reason behind the mechanism for activating NF-κB that allows rapid changes in gene expression.
Introduction: The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) proteins contribute for many biological processes, such as hematopoiesis, embryogenesis, immune response regulation, and so on. These transcription factors are regulated by inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB). The phosphorylated IκB activates the transcription factor NF-κB.
(b)
To explain: Why the direct activation of NF-κB is not an effective mechanism for altering gene expression.
Introduction: The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) proteins contribute for many biological processes, such as hematopoiesis, embryogenesis, immune response regulation, and so on. These transcription factors are regulated by inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB). The phosphorylated IκB activates the transcription factor NF-κB.
(c)
To explain: How the removal of ubiquitin molecules from IκB by a protein produced by Yersinia pestis would affect the immune response to Yersinia infection.
Introduction: The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) proteins contribute for many biological processes, such as hematopoiesis, embryogenesis, immune response regulation, and so on. These transcription factors are regulated by inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB). The phosphorylated IκB activates the transcription factor NF-κB.
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