Chapter 3, Problem 1PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The curved arrows are to be added to the given reactions, which indicate the flow of electrons for all the bond-forming and bond-breaking steps.

Concept introduction:

Curved arrows are used to represent the direction of the flow of electrons in a reaction mechanism.

Curved arrows are drawn in such a way that they point from the source of an electron pair toward the atom, which receives the electron pair.

The direction of flow of electrons is always from a high electron density site to a low electron density site.

Curved arrows never represent the movement of atoms.

The movement of electrons shown by the curved arrows should not violate the octet rule for the elements, which are present in the second row of the periodic table.

Electrophiles are positive or partially positive species that attract electrons or negatively charged species toward itself.

Answer to Problem 1PP

Solution:

(a)

(b)

Explanation of Solution

a)

The hydrogen of benzoic acid is partially positive and is electrophilic in nature. An oxygen atom provides an unshared pair of electrons, which forms bond with the benzoic acid hydrogen that cause the departure of a benzoate anion.

b)

The hydrogen of sulfuric acid is partially positive and is electrophilic in nature. An oxygen atom of ketone provides an unshared pair of electrons, which forms bond with the sulfuric acid hydrogen that cause the departure of a sulphuric acid anion.

The reaction is as follows: