Batch processes are often used in chemical and pharmaceutical operations to achieve a desired chemical composition for the final product and typically involve a transient heating operation to take the product from room temperature to the desired process temperature. Consider a situation for which a chemical of density
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Introduction to Heat Transfer
- Pressure cookers, in general, maintain a gage pressure of 2 atm (or 3 atm absolute) inside. Therefore, pressure cookers cook at a temperature of about 133°C instead of 100°C, cutting the cooking time by as much as 70 percent while minimizing the loss of nutrients. The newer pressure cookers use a spring valve with several pressure settings rather than a weight on the cover. A certain pressure cooker has a volume of 6 L and an operating pressure of 75 kPa gage. Initially, it contains 1 kg of water. Heat is supplied to the pressure cooker at a rate of 500 W for 30 min after the operating pressure is reached. Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the temperature at which cooking takes place.arrow_forwardPressure cookers, in general, maintain a gage pressure of 2 atm (or 3 atm absolute) inside. Therefore, pressure cookers cook at a temperature of about 133°C instead of 100°C, cutting the cooking time by as much as 70 percent while minimizing the loss of nutrients. The newer pressure cookers use a spring valve with several pressure settings rather than a weight on the cover. A certain pressure cooker has a volume of 6 L and an operating pressure of 75 kPa gage. Initially, it contains 1 kg of water. Heat is supplied to the pressure cooker at a rate of 500 W for 30 min after the operating pressure is reached. Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa, determine the amount of water left in the pressure cooker at the end of the process.arrow_forwardThe clear plastic bottles used for carbonated beverages (sometimes also called “soda,” “pop,” or “soda pop”) are made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The “fizz” in pop results from dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2); because PET is permeable to CO2, pop stored in PET bottles will eventually go “flat” (i.e., lose its fizz). A 20-oz. bottle of pop has a CO2 pressure of about 570 kPa inside the bottle, and the CO2 pressure outside the bottle is 7 kPa. Assuming conditions of steady-state, calculate the diffusion flux in cm3 at STP/cm2.s of CO2 through the wall of the bottle. The Permeability Constant of the PET bottle is 0.23 x 10^-13 cm3@STP.cm/cm2.s.Pa. Note: assume that each bottle has a surface area of 500 cm2 and a wall thickness of 0.07 cm. Answer in Scientific Notation example 1.1e-12. Round your answer to 2 significant figures.arrow_forward
- Convection is the mechanism of mass transfer through a moving fluid that occurs only in a forced way. Choose an option: Real or Falsearrow_forwardA long 8-cm diameter vertical steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 90 degrees C passes through some open area that is not protected against the wind blows. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit length when the air is at 1 atm, 7 degrees Celsius and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 50 km/h. From Table A-1:Thermal conductivity, k = 0.0275 W/m degrees Celsius ,viscosity, v = 1.77 x 10^-5 m^2/sPrandtl no. Pr = 0.71arrow_forward1. A car that has a weight of 1550 going at 92 km/h collides with a 1000-kg motorcycle at 100 km/h. Determine the increase in internal energy if they come to rest immediately after impact, using both vehicles as the system. 2. A 846-L rigid vessel holds 10 kg of 500°C steam. Calculate the error in the pressure if it is estimated using ideal-gas equation (rather than the more accurate steam tables)arrow_forward
- An air cannon uses compressed air to propel a projectile from rest to a final velocity. Consider an air cannon that is to accelerate a 10-gram projectile to a speed of 300 m/s using compressed air, whose temperature cannot exceed 20°C. The volume of the storage tank is not to exceed 0.1 m3 . Select the storage volume size and maximum storage pressure that require the minimum amount of energy to fill the tank.arrow_forwardA frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 10 kg of water at 20°C at atmospheric pressure. An external force F is then applied on the piston until the pressure inside the cylinder increases to 100 atm. Assuming a linear pressure increase during the compression, estimate the energy needed to compress the water isothermally.arrow_forwardCalculate the melting point of ice under a pressure of 10 MPa in Kelvin. Assume that the density of ice under these condition is approximately 0.915g/cm3 and that of liquid water is 0.9980 g/cm3arrow_forward
- A compressed air tank is designed to contain 50 standard cubic feet of air when Ölled to a gaugepressure of 200 atm at an ambient temperature of 70 F. Calculate the interior volume of thetank. One standard cubic foot of air occupies one cubic foot at standard temperature and pressure(T = 59 F and p = 2116 lb/ft2).arrow_forward13.12 Fluid A is found to have a surface tension of 0.080 N m−1, a density of 1.2 × 103 kg m−3 and a contact angle of 70° with dry glass. Fluid B is found to have a surface tension of 0.100 N m−1, a density of 3.1 × 103 kg m−3 and a contact angle of 110° with dry glass. A glass capillary tube with an inner radius 1 mm is lowered into a container of fluid A and an identical capillary tube is lowered into a flask of fluid B. To what height above (or below) the fluid surface will fluids A and B rise in their respective capillary tubes?arrow_forwardA 10-kg object with a density of 900 kg/m3 is placed in a fluid with a density of 1100 kg/m3. The fraction of the volume of the object submerged in water is (a) 0.637 (b) 0.716 (c) 0.818 (d ) 0.90 (e) 1arrow_forward
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