Chapter 3, Problem 3.59E

List five nonmetallic elements that exist as gaseous substances under ordinary conditions. Do any metallic elements ordinarily occur as gases?

Are most elements found in nature in the elemental or the combined form? Why? Name several elements that are usually found in the elemental form.

State the main points of Dalton’s atomic theory usingyour own words. Which parts of Dalton’s theory werelater found to be erronous? Explain why.

2.85 Describe how the saying “opposites attract” corresponds with the mathematical representation of Coulomb’s law shown in Equation 2.1. Remember that attractive forces have negative values and repulsive forces have positive values.

Now that you have gone through Chapter 4, go back to Section 4.3 and review Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Which of the premises are no longer accepted? Explain your answer.

The contributions of J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford led the way to todays understanding of the structure of the atom. What were their contributions?

Complete the following table. Atom/Ion Protons Neutrons Electrons S50120n M1225g2+ F2656e2+ S3479e C1735l C2963u

Your friend tells you about an article that he read in a tabloid that reported the discovery of a new form of carbon containing eight protons in the nucleus of its atoms. He claims that scientists are eager to explore the properties of this new form of carbon. What is wrong with the tabloid's claim? a. Nothing. The claim is believable. b. The claim must be false because an atom with eight protons would be oxygen, which is already known. c. The claim must be false because all forms of carbon are already known.

A fundamental idea of Daltons atomic theory is that atoms of an element can be neither created nor destroyed. We now know that this is not always true. Specifically, it is not true for uranium and lead atoms as they appear in nature. Are the numbers of these atoms increasing or decreasing? Explain.