Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The effective crossing program that can be used to obtain the a/a; b/b; c/c pure line.
Introduction. The genetic material is all the living organism is the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). All the eukaryotes as well the prokaryotes have defined set of DNA sequence, which is inherited from one generation to another and codes for all the characters of the organism.
b.
To determine: The
Introduction. The DNA (deoxyribose
c.
To determine: The alternative method of obtaining desired genotype.
Introduction. The process of
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Introduction to Genetic Analysis
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?arrow_forwardPedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?arrow_forward
- Help me create a pedigree of this information: Pedigree analysis: Generation 1: Normal parents (AA x AA) Generation 2: Carrier parents (AA x AS) Generation 3: Affected child (AS x AS) Generation 4: Affected grandchild (SS) This pedigree has two normal parents in the first generation. Second generation carriers carry the sickle cell trait from one parent. The disease is 25% more likely to be inherited in the third generation if both parents have the 'S' allele. If both parents have the 'S' allele, their children will have sickle cell anemia in the fourth generationarrow_forwardTwo pure-breeding lines of petunia plants are crossed. Line 1 plants grow to a height of 54 cm, and Line 2 plants grow to a height of 18 cm. Petunia plant height is controlled by three genes, A, B and C. Line 1 has the genotype A₁A₁B₁B₁C₁C₁, and line 2 has the genotype A2A2B₂B₂C₂C₂. Assume that genotype alone determines plant height under ideal growth conditions and that the alleles of the three genes are additive. If the F1 plants are self crossed, what is the expected proportion of F2 plants with the genotype A₁A₁B₁B₁C₁C₁ 1/8 1/32 1/16 1/4 1/64arrow_forwardDefine the pedigree symbol(s) associated with each of the following individuals. Please be as specific as possible. Be sure to indicate WHOSE pedigree symbols you are defining. (i) II-1 and II-3 (ii) II-5 (iii) II-9-10 (iv) II-11 (v) IV-14 and IV-15 (vi) IV-18arrow_forward
- . a. A mouse cross A/a ⋅ B/b × a/a ⋅ b/b is made, and inthe progeny there are25% A/a ⋅ B/b, 25% a/a ⋅ b/b,25% A/a ⋅ b/b, 25% a/a ⋅ B/bExplain these proportions with the aid of simplifiedmeiosis diagrams.b. A mouse cross C/c ⋅ D/d × c/c ⋅ d/d is made, and inthe progeny there are45% C/c ⋅ d/d, 45% c/c ⋅ D/d,5% c/c ⋅ d/d, 5% C/c ⋅ D/dExplain these proportions with the aid of simplifiedmeiosis diagrams.arrow_forwardIn this program, you are provided with phenotype pair counts of F2 offspring at two research institutes. The key different between this work and previous work is that now we consider two genes instead of one. The phenotype pairs are the (shape, color) of peas from a pea plant. It turns out that there are two separate genes that code for these phenotypes. We shall call them Shape and Color. Gregor Mendel originally recorded these experiments in green peas. Using the notation: R = Round (dominant) allele at Shape gene; r = Wrinkled (recessive) allele at Shape gene; Y = Yellow (dominant) allele at Color gene; y = Green (recessive) allele at Color gene; then the shape and color of any pea can be determined by studying the genotypes at each gene. It turns out that, when one mates a plant that is homozygous for the dominant alleles (RRYY) with a plant that is homozygous for the recessive alleles (rryy), the F1 generation are heterozygous at both genes, as with a single gene disorder.…arrow_forwardKernel color in wheat is controlled by 2 pairs of genes (AABB). Determine the color of each offspring with the following genotypes: (Note: 4 alleles – red; 3 – medium red; 2 – intermediate red; 1 – light red; 0 – white). CAPITAL letters only and with spaces when applicable. AABb - AaBb - AABB - aaBb - aabb -arrow_forward
- A family tree of sorts is called a pedigree. The symbols used for a pedigree are: female, unaffected female, affected ☐male, unaffected male, affected I 11 III 1 Pedigree Chart Minor Peta #2 Siblings are placed in hirth order from left to right and are labeled with Arabic numerals. Each generation is labeled with a Roman numeral. Therefore, the male exhibiting the trait in the pedigree below in the bottom, center would be identified as III-4. 1. Which members of the family above are affected by Huntington's Disease? 4. How many girls did II-1 and 11-2 have? 3. How many children did individuals 1-1 and 1-2 have? 2. There are no carriers for Huntington's Disease- you either have it or you don't. With this in mind, is Huntington's disease caused by a dominant or recessive trait? 5. How are individuals III-2 and II-4 related? 8 -Huntington's Diseasearrow_forwardCalculate the probability of either all-dominant or all-recessive genotypes for the alleles A, B, E, and F in the following cross: A/a;B/b;c/c;d/d;E/e;F/fx A/a;B/b;C/c;d/d;E/e;F/f 1/64 1/128 1/256 1/32 1/16arrow_forwardA couple enters your genetic counseling clinic for some family planning advice. The woman’s father was color blind, but her own vision is normal. The man has no family history of color blindness. Neither the man nor woman have any known history of hemophilia, but their first child (a boy) has hemophilia. They ask you to calculate the chance that their nextchild will be affected by one or both conditions. You remember from your genetics training that these are both X-linked recessive conditions and that they are closely linked: in fact, their genetic loci are separated by only 10cM! During the interview with this couple, you draw the following pedigree to represent their information. Given what you know, determine for this couple what chance they have of each of the following (in the table).arrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning