BIOLOGY:DYNAMIC SCIENCE-ACCESS >CUSTOM<
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781337254175
Author: Russell
Publisher: CENGAGE C
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 32, Problem 1ITD
The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below.
Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:14226–14231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
Expert Solution & Answer
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Students have asked these similar questions
The figure shows a phylogenetic tree of various members of the order Proboscidea, which includes modern elephants. Which of the following claims is best supported by the information in the figure ?
a.The mastodon and the Stegodon diverged from their common ancestor 22 million years ago.
b.The common ancestor of the African elephant and the mastodon is the Palaeomastodon.
c.The mammoth diverged from its most recent common ancestor with African elephants before the mastodon diverged from its most recent common ancestor with Stegodons.
d.The Asian and African elephants are the most closely related species shown on the tree.
What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram?
What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram?
Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram?
What 5 traits do these two organisms share?
Which organism will have DNA most similar to the bird?
Which organism's DNA will differ the most from the bird?
Draw a phylogenetic tree based on characters 1-5 in the table below. Place hatch marks on the tree to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
Assume that tuna and dolphins are sister species and redraw the phylogenetic tree accordingly. Use hatch marks to indicate the origin of characters 1-6.
How many evolutionary changes are required in each tree? Which tree is most parsimonious?
Character
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Tuna
Salamander
Turtle
Leopard
Dolphin
1. Backbone
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2. Hinged Jaw
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3. Four Limbs
0
0
0
1
1
1
1*
4. Amnion
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
5. Milk
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6. Dorsal fin
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
*Dolphins have 4 limbs (2 fins and 2 hind limb buds as embryos)
Chapter 32 Solutions
BIOLOGY:DYNAMIC SCIENCE-ACCESS >CUSTOM<
Ch. 32.1 - What organ system is unique to echinoderms, and...Ch. 32.1 - How does a perforated pharynx enable hemichordates...Ch. 32.2 - On a field trip to a lake, a college student...Ch. 32.2 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.3 - How do the Hox genes of vertebrates differ from...Ch. 32.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.4 - What traits in conodonts and ostracoderms are...Ch. 32.5 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 32.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 32.6 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.6 - What parts of the life cycle in most modern...Ch. 32.7 - How did the evolution of the amniote egg free...Ch. 32.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.7 - Based on the evolutionary history of the amniotes,...Ch. 32.8 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.8 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.9 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.9 - What anatomical and behavioral characteristics of...Ch. 32.9 - Prob. 3SBCh. 32.9 - How do the structures of a birds bill, wings, and...Ch. 32.10 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.10 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.10 - On what basis are the three major groups of living...Ch. 32.11 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.11 - What is the lowest taxonomic group that includes...Ch. 32.11 - Prob. 3SBCh. 32.12 - Prob. 1SBCh. 32.12 - Prob. 2SBCh. 32.12 - Prob. 3SBCh. 32 - Which phylum includes animals that have a water...Ch. 32 - Which of the following is not a characteristic of...Ch. 32 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 32 - The Hominoidea is a monophyletic group that...Ch. 32 - Which of the following hominin species was the...Ch. 32 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 32 - Which of the following characteristics does not...Ch. 32 - Prob. 10TYKCh. 32 - Discuss Concepts Whentetrapods first ventured onto...Ch. 32 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 32 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 32 - Walking along a rocky coast one day, you discover...Ch. 32 - The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The cladogram currently shows humans and chimpanzees with a more recent common ancestor compared to gorillas. Which piece of evidence, if true, would most likely weaken this hypothesis? Amino acid analysis of the cytochrome shows significant differences in the sequence of amino acids between humans and goriffas. DNA sequence analysis of the hemoglobin alpha gene shows that humans and chimpanzees have a more similar sequence to each other than they do to the gorilla's DNA sequence. The cells of the eye in embryos of gorillas and humans follow a similar pattern of development chimpanzee embryos are different Fossils of humans appear in deeper sedimentary rock layers compared to fossils of chimpanzees.arrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forwardReferring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forward
- Which species from Figure 1 has the most amino acids that are different from those of humans? Which species has the most amino acids in common with humans? What does this molecular fingerprinting reveal about the frog? How does the data in Figure 1 indicate that humans and Rhesus monkeys share the most recent common ancestor? Which organisms in Figure 1 share the most distant common ancestors?arrow_forwardFour Caribbean islands with similar environmental conditions have three different species of anole lizards with specific ecological morphotypes. Lizards Morphotypes Grass lizards Long tails Canopy lizards Large toe pads Twig lizards Short legs Researchers devised two phylogenetic trees to represent two different hypotheses about how the lizards may have evolved. The first hypothesis is that the different body types evolved repeatedly and independently of each island. The second suggests that each morphotype evolved once and spread to different islands. Which of the following statements best explains which type of data the researchers should use to test these two hypotheses, and which phylogenetic tree correctly shows the evolutionary relationships among anoles? Analyzing DNA samples from the anoles would likely show that phylogenetic tree B is correct since it is likely that each body type evolved once and spread to different islands. Analyzing the…arrow_forwardDraw a simple cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among extant mammals (marsupials, eutherians, and monotremes). Include the following characters in your cladogram: well-developed placenta, vivipary,endothermy, marsupium, hairarrow_forward
- In the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Cladogram A Cladogram B Hippos Horses Hippos Whales Ruminants Pigs Camels Horses Mesonychids Time Time Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available. Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms. Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available. Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about this phylogenetic tree. What animal represents the out group in this tree and why? What is the derived characteristic of the birds? What is the shared characteristic of 3 to 6? Which number represents the common ancestor of Ostriches and Hawks?arrow_forward
- Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of molecular evolution? A) This is true of morphological data, not molecular data, it is impossible to model changes in molecular sequence data because it is constantly evolving. B) Because molecular data is known to only experience random changes and is constantly evolving, a chaotic model of evolution can universally be applied to molecular sequence data for phylogenetic analysis. C) Because molecular data is known to experience non-random changes in terms of the likelihood of different types of mutations -- transitions vs. transversions, at different codon positions, which can be used to infer sequence evolution and relationship. D) None of the above.arrow_forwardBonobos and chimpanzees are sister groups. Humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees share a more recent ancestor than do humans and gorillas. Orangutans share an ancestor with all of these groups. Draw a cladogram that represents these relationships.arrow_forwardIn the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? A - Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available.B - Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms.C - Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available.D - Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY