Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134433776
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 34.3, Problem 2CC
Summary Introduction

To determine:

What are the short-term changes in animal’s cardiovascular function that might facilitates use of skeletal muscle to escape dangerous situation.

Introduction:

Cardiovascular system is also as known as circulatory system. It is used to transport nutrients, oxygen, amino acids electrolytes, and hormones through blood and take out carbon dioxide and toxins from the body. It also helps in fighting diseases. It consists of blood and lymph. Blood is a fluid consists of red blood cell, white blood cell and plasma. Heart is a muscular tissue and is the main component of circulatory system.

Skeletal muscle is a voluntary muscle which is attached to bone and form nerve tissues, tendons, blood vessels, muscle tissue. It has ability to contract and relax and facilitate movement of body parts.

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Which of the following statements best describes the differences in the regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction?     The amount of contractile force actively generated by muscle cells is increased by stretch in skeletal muscle and decreased by stretch in cardiac muscle.     Cardiac muscle is stimulated by motor neurons and skeletal muscle by neurones from the autonomic nervous system.     Skeletal muscle contractile force is augmented by increasing the firing frequency of action potentials whereas cardiac muscle contractile force is enhanced by noradrenaline increasing calcium influx through ion channels.     Ryanodine receptors in skeletal muscle are opened by a mechanism that requires calcium influx whereas in cardiac muscle membrane depolarisation alone without calcium influx is sufficient to open ryanodine receptors.
In conditioned athletes, the resting Heart Rate is generally much lower than in non-athletes. Why?   a-because long-term exercise reduces Cardiac Output at rest to conserve energy b-because athletes have a smaller Stroke Volume at rest, causing Heart Rate to decrease as well c-because long-term exercise leads to increased vagal tone which slows Heart Rate d-because athletes have stronger ventricles and therefore a larger Stroke Volume at rest, so they require fewer bpm to achieve the same Cardiac Output
Describe two mechanisms by which the cardiac output of an animal’s heart can be adjusted and indicate which is more important for increasing cardiac output in mammals and which is more important in fish.

Chapter 34 Solutions

Campbell Biology in Focus; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- ValuePack Access Card -- for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)

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