BIOLOGY HOW LIFE WORKS (LL) W/ 2 TERM AC
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319533168
Author: Morris
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 34.3, Problem 7SAQ
Summary Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a chronic illness of the central nervous system (CNS). In general, MS is unpredictable and leads to nerve damage. As a result, communication between the brain and the body is disrupted. Symptoms of MS include pain, vision loss, and impaired coordination.
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an inhibition in the release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic terminal
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Using your knowledge of nerve impulse generation and propagation, explain how nerve impulse generation and propagation would be affected in people who have multiple sclerosis. The explanation needs to be in the form of a step by step sequence of annotated drawings. This could be in the form of an annotated cartoon/picture strip. Compare this to nerve impulse generation and propagation in an individual who does not have multiple sclerosis.
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BIOLOGY HOW LIFE WORKS (LL) W/ 2 TERM AC
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- Neuron A is an inhibitory neuron that is activated when the person feels heat in the tip of their index finger. Neuron A sends signals to neuron B (the postsynaptic neuron). First consider how a stimulus impacts the firing rate of neuron A. For example, when the person touches ice with their index finger vs. when the person touches a hot cup of coffee with their index finger? How would each of these impact the frequency of action potentials, the size of action potentials and the amount of neurotransmitter released. Second, consider Drug-D that causes all sodium channels in neurons to close immediately. How would taking Drug-D affect the firing rate of neuron A when the person touches a hot pan? In turn, how would this affect the firing rate of post-synaptic neuron B? Rubric: Impact of heat on A Impact of ice on A ( Impact of drug X on A Impact of drug X on B 1arrow_forwardMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition in which neurons in the CNS become demyelinated. Why do you think a NCV (nerve conduction velocity) test is not useful in diagnosing MS?arrow_forwardA new drug is developed that prevents the demyelination occurring in the progress of multiple sclerosis. The drug protects the cells responsible for the synthesis and maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system. These cells are most likely which of the following? (A) Astrocyte (B) Ependymal cell (C) Microglial cell Oligodendrocyte (E) Schwann cellarrow_forward
- Which of the following glial cells provide myelin in the central nervous system?arrow_forwardIn multiple sclerosis, nerve fibers in the CNS lose their myelin. Explain why this loss affects skeletal muscle function.arrow_forwardA general principle of physiology states that homeostasis is essential for health and survival. In what ways might the presence of myelincontribute to homeostasis?arrow_forward
- If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? Hyper-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily Hypo-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons not to fire as readily Less sodium is pumped out of the cell, slowing down return to the resting state Sodium ions are toxic to neurons, leading to cell proliferationarrow_forwardBecause the long axons of neurons look like electrical wires, and both neurons and electrical wires conduct electricity, it is tempting to equate the two. Compare and contrast the functioning of axons and electrical wires in terms of their structure and the nature of the electrical signals they conduct. Please include references.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding the difference between graded and action potentials? a.) Action potential occur only when the surface of the neuron is myelinated, but graded potentials occur in both in both myelinated and non-myelinated neurons. b.) The magnitude of action potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas graded potentials are all or none. c.) The magnitude of graded potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are all or none.arrow_forward
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