EP PHYSICS F/SCI.+ENGR.W/MOD..-MOD MAST
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780133899634
Author: GIANCOLI
Publisher: PEARSON CO
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Chapter 39, Problem 60P
To determine
The population inversion for two levels corresponds to a negative Kelvin temperature in Boltzmann distribution.
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The population ratio between two energy levels
ni
nj
separated in energy by:
A E = E₁ - Ej
with AE = 1.1×10-22 J is 0.84. That is:
ni
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nj
Remember the Boltzmann equation for the population of particles in state i with energy Ei at temperature T is:
N
n₁ = = e
Z
What is the temperature of the system (use two sig figs)?
4.0 ✓
K
IV.
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3
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т
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(2TRT.
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Prove the equation below using Maxwell distribution function:
f(v)dv = 1
Calculate (a) the thermal wavelength, (b) the translational partition function of an Ar atom in a cubic box of side 1.00 cm at (i) 300 K and (ii) 3000 K.
Chapter 39 Solutions
EP PHYSICS F/SCI.+ENGR.W/MOD..-MOD MAST
Ch. 39.2 - Prob. 1AECh. 39.2 - Prob. 1BECh. 39.3 - Prob. 1CECh. 39.4 - Prob. 1DECh. 39.4 - Prob. 1EECh. 39.5 - Prob. 1FECh. 39.7 - Prob. 1GECh. 39 - Prob. 1QCh. 39 - Prob. 2QCh. 39 - Prob. 3Q
Ch. 39 - Prob. 4QCh. 39 - Prob. 5QCh. 39 - Prob. 6QCh. 39 - Prob. 7QCh. 39 - Prob. 8QCh. 39 - Prob. 9QCh. 39 - Prob. 10QCh. 39 - Prob. 11QCh. 39 - On what factors does the periodicity of the...Ch. 39 - Prob. 13QCh. 39 - Prob. 14QCh. 39 - Prob. 15QCh. 39 - Prob. 16QCh. 39 - Prob. 17QCh. 39 - Prob. 18QCh. 39 - Prob. 19QCh. 39 - Prob. 20QCh. 39 - Prob. 21QCh. 39 - Prob. 22QCh. 39 - Prob. 23QCh. 39 - Prob. 24QCh. 39 - Prob. 25QCh. 39 - Prob. 26QCh. 39 - Prob. 27QCh. 39 - Prob. 28QCh. 39 - Prob. 29QCh. 39 - Prob. 1PCh. 39 - Prob. 2PCh. 39 - Prob. 3PCh. 39 - Prob. 4PCh. 39 - Prob. 5PCh. 39 - Prob. 6PCh. 39 - Prob. 7PCh. 39 - Prob. 8PCh. 39 - Prob. 9PCh. 39 - Prob. 10PCh. 39 - Prob. 11PCh. 39 - Prob. 12PCh. 39 - Prob. 13PCh. 39 - Prob. 14PCh. 39 - Prob. 15PCh. 39 - Prob. 16PCh. 39 - Prob. 17PCh. 39 - Prob. 18PCh. 39 - Prob. 19PCh. 39 - Prob. 20PCh. 39 - Prob. 21PCh. 39 - Prob. 22PCh. 39 - Prob. 23PCh. 39 - Prob. 24PCh. 39 - Prob. 25PCh. 39 - Prob. 26PCh. 39 - Prob. 27PCh. 39 - Prob. 28PCh. 39 - Prob. 29PCh. 39 - Prob. 30PCh. 39 - Prob. 31PCh. 39 - Prob. 32PCh. 39 - Prob. 33PCh. 39 - Prob. 34PCh. 39 - Prob. 35PCh. 39 - Prob. 36PCh. 39 - Prob. 37PCh. 39 - Prob. 38PCh. 39 - Prob. 39PCh. 39 - Prob. 40PCh. 39 - Prob. 41PCh. 39 - Prob. 42PCh. 39 - Prob. 43PCh. 39 - Prob. 44PCh. 39 - Prob. 45PCh. 39 - Prob. 46PCh. 39 - Prob. 47PCh. 39 - Prob. 48PCh. 39 - Prob. 49PCh. 39 - Prob. 50PCh. 39 - Prob. 51PCh. 39 - Prob. 52PCh. 39 - Prob. 53PCh. 39 - Prob. 54PCh. 39 - Prob. 55PCh. 39 - Prob. 56PCh. 39 - Prob. 57PCh. 39 - Prob. 58PCh. 39 - Prob. 59PCh. 39 - Prob. 60PCh. 39 - Prob. 61GPCh. 39 - Prob. 62GPCh. 39 - Prob. 63GPCh. 39 - Prob. 64GPCh. 39 - Prob. 65GPCh. 39 - Prob. 66GPCh. 39 - Prob. 67GPCh. 39 - Prob. 68GPCh. 39 - Prob. 69GPCh. 39 - Prob. 70GPCh. 39 - Prob. 71GPCh. 39 - Prob. 72GPCh. 39 - Prob. 73GPCh. 39 - Prob. 74GPCh. 39 - Prob. 75GPCh. 39 - Prob. 76GPCh. 39 - Prob. 77GP
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- (b) Explain the working principle of laser photon emission by using the concepts “population inversion”, “stimulated emission” and corresponding energy-band diagrams.arrow_forward(b) How do you find the expression for the total number of different and distinguishable ways in which n number of particles can be distributed among the various energy levels in the case of Bose-Einstein distribution law? How it differs from the Maxwell- Boltzmann and Fermi-Dirac distribution laws? Justify the reasons of those differences.arrow_forwardif the chlorine molecule at 290K were to rotate at the angular frequency predicted by the equipartition theorem what would be the average centipital force ? ( the atoms of Cl are 2 x 10-10 m apart and the mass of the chlorine atom 35.45 a.m.u )arrow_forward
- Consider a degenerate electron gas in which essentially all of theelectrons are highly relativistic (€ » mc2 ), so that their energies are € pc (where p is the magnitude of the momentum vector).(a) Modify the derivation given above to show that for a relativistic electron gas at zero temperature, the chemical potential (or Fermi energy) is given by μ = hc(3N/87πV)1/3.(b) Find a formula for the total energy of this system in terms of Nand μarrow_forwardThe partition function of an ensemble at a temperature T is N Z = (2 cosh kgT where kg is the Boltzmann constant. The heat capacity of this ensemble at T = is X Nkg, where the value of X is %3D kB (up to two decimal places).arrow_forward(b) Calculate the half width in nanometers for Doppler broadening of the 4s S 4p transition for atomic nickel at 361.939 nm (3619.39 Å) at a temperature of 20,000 K in both wavelength and frequency units. (e) Calculate the speed that an iron atom undergoing the 4s S 4p transition at 385.9911 nm (3859.911 Å) would have if the resulting line appeared at the rest wavelength for the same transition in nickel. (f) Compute the fraction of a sample of iron atoms at 10,000 K that would have the velocity calculatedin (e). (g) Create a spreadsheet to calculate the Doppler half width DlD in nanometers for the nickel and iron lines cited in (b) and (e) from 3000–10,000 K. (h) Consult the paper by Gornushkin et al. (note 10) and list the four sources of pressure broadening that they describe. Explain in detail how two of these sources originate in sample atoms.arrow_forward
- 1 (a) Show that the entropy per photon in blackbody radiation is independent of the temperature, and in d spatial dimensions is given by En-d-1 s = (d + 1) n=1 E n-d n=1 (b) Show that the answer would have been d + 1 if the photons obeyed Boltzman statistics.arrow_forwardThe energy spectrum of a particle consists of four states with energies 0,e, 2 e,3 e. Let Z, (T),Z, (T) and Ze(") denote the canonical partition functions for four non- interacting particles at temperature T. The subscripts B, F and C corresponds to bosons, fermions and distinguishable classical particles, respectively. Let y= exp k„T Which one of the following statements is true about ZB (T), ZF (T) and Zc (T)? (a) They are polynomials in y of degree 12,6 and 12, respectively. (b) They are polynomials in y of degree 16,10 and16, respectively (c) They are polynomials in y of degree 9,6 and 12, respectively. (d) They are polynomials in y of degree 12,10 and 16, respectively.arrow_forward(4) Electronic energy level of a hydrogen atom is given by R ; п %3D 1,2, 3,... n2 E = - and R = 13.6 eV. Each energy level has degeneracy 2n2 (degeneracy is the number of equivalent configurations associated with the energy level). (a) Derive the partition function for a hydrogen atom at a constant temperature. (b) Consider that the energy level of a hydrogen atom is approximated by a two level system, n = 1,2. Estimate the mean energy at 300 K.arrow_forward
- The population density, Ni, corresponding to a discrete energy level, E₁, for a group of N like particles in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) state can be described by the following equation N₂ 9₁c-Ei/(KRT) Z(T) N i) Define the remaining quantities or constants in the above equation. ii) = Produce an expression for Z(T) as a function of T. In order to calculate Z(T) for a particular atomic gas such as argon, what atomic data or information needs to be made available before the calculation is carried out? iii) To uniquely describe the population density distribution corresponding to different discrete energy levels of a diatomic molecular gas such as CO in equilibrium, how many Z(T) functions need to be used and why?arrow_forward(a) Using the microscopic cross sections from Hubbel et al (1975), calculate the mass attenuation coefficients for Compton scattering from the following elements: U, W, Pt, Fe and Al at the following energies: 0.1, 0.5, and 1 MeV.arrow_forwardConsider a lower energy level situated 200 cm-1 from the ground state. There are no other energy levels nearby. Determine the fraction of the population found in this level compared to the ground state population at a temperature of 300 K. Also interpret it physically?arrow_forward
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