Concept explainers
Ledger accounts,
The unadjusted
The data needed to determine year-end adjustments are as follows:
- a. Supplies on hand at January 31 are $2,850.
- b. Insurance premiums expired during the year are $3,150.
- c.
Depreciation of equipment during the year is $5,250. - d. Depreciation of trucks during the year is $4,000.
- e. Wages accrued but not paid at January 31 are $900.
Instructions
- 1. For each account listed in the unadjusted trial balance, enter the balance in the appropriate Balance column of a four-column account and place a check mark (✓) in the Posting Reference column.
- 2. (Optional) Enter the unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet and complete the spreadsheet. Add the accounts listed in part (3) as needed.
- 3. Journalize and post the adjusting entries, inserting balances in the accounts affected.
- a. Record the adjusting entries on Page 26 of the journal. The following additional accounts from Recessive Interiors' chart of accounts should be used: Wages Payable, 22; Depreciation Expense—Equipment, 54; Supplies Expense, 55; Depreciation Expense—Trucks, 56; Insurance Expense, 57.
- 4. Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
- 5. Prepare an income statement, a statement of owner's equity (no additional investments were made during the year), and a balance sheet.
- 6. Journalize and
post the closing entries. Record the closing entries on Page 27 of the journal. Indicate closed accounts by inserting a line in both Balance columns opposite the closing entry. - 7. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.
1, 3, and 6:
Journal:
Journal is the book of original entry. Journal consists of the day-to-day financial transactions in a chronological order. The journal has two aspects; they are debit aspect and the credit aspect.
T-Accounts:
T-accounts are referred as T-account because its format represents the letter “T”. The T-accounts consists of the following:
Ø The title of accounts.
Ø The debit side (Dr) and,
Ø The credit side (Cr).
Adjusted trial balance:
The unadjusted trial balance is the summary of all the ledger accounts that appears on the ledger accounts before making adjusting journal entries.
Adjusting entries:
An adjusting entry is prepared when the trial balance is not up-to-date, and complete, and they are usually prepared at the end of the accounting period. This adjusting entry is essential for preparing the financial statements of the business.
Spreadsheet:
A spreadsheet is a worksheet. It is used while preparing a financial statement. It is a type of form having multiple columns and it is used in the adjustment process. The use of a worksheet is optional for any organization. A worksheet can neither be considered as a journal nor a part of the general ledger.
Statement of owners’ equity:
This statement reports the beginning owner’s equity and all the changes, which led to ending owners’ equity. Additional capital, net income from income statement is added to and drawing is deducted from beginning owner’s equity to arrive at the end result, ending owner’s equity.
Income statement:
An income statement is one of the financial statements which shows the revenues, and expenses of the company. The income statement is prepared to ascertain the net income/loss of the company, by deducting the expenses from the revenues.
Balance sheet:
A balance sheet is a financial statement consists of the assets, liabilities, and the stockholder’s equity of the company. The balance of the assets account must be equal to that of the liabilities and the stockholder’s equity account.
Closing entries:
Closing entries are recorded in order to close the temporary accounts such as incomes and expenses by transferring them to the permanent accounts. It is passed at the end of the accounting period, to transfer the final balance.
Post-Closing Trial Balance:
After passing all the journal entries and the closing entries of the permanent accounts and then further posting them to each of the respective accounts, a post-closing trial balance is prepared which consists of a list of all the permanent accounts. A post-closing trial balance serves as an evidence to prove that the balance of the permanent accounts is equal.
To prepare: The T-accounts.
Explanation of Solution
Record the transactions directly in their respective T-accounts, and determine their balances.
Account: Cash Account no. 11 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 1 | Balance | ✓ | 13,100 | |||
Account: Supplies Account no. 13 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 8,000 | |||
31 | Adjusting | 26 | 5,150 | 2,850 |
Account: Prepaid Insurance Account no. 14 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 7,500 | |||
31 | Adjusting | 26 | 3,150 | 4,350 |
Account: Equipment Account no. 16 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 113,000 | |||
Account: Accumulated Depreciation-Office equipment Account no. 17 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 12,000 | |||
31 | Adjusting | 26 | 5,250 | 17,250 |
Account: Trucks Account no. 18 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 90,000 | |||
Account: Accumulated Depreciation- Truck Account no. 19 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 27,100 | |||
31 | Adjusting | 26 | 4,000 | 31,100 |
Account: Accounts Payable Account no. 21 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 4,500 | |||
Account: Wages Payable Account no. 22 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Adjusting | 26 | 900 | 900 | ||
Account: JM, Capital Account no. 31 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ 1 | 126,400 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 46,150 | 172,550 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 3,000 | 169,550 |
Account: JM, Drawing Account no. 32 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 3,000 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 3,000 |
Account: Service revenue Account no. 41 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 155,000 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 155,000 |
Account: Wages expense Account no. 51 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 1 | Balance | ✓ | 72,000 | |||
31 | Adjusting | 26 | 900 | 72,900 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 72,900 |
Account: Rent expense Account no. 52 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 7,600 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 7,600 |
Account: Truck Expense Account no. 53 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Balance | ✓ | 5,350 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 5,350 |
Account: Depreciation Expense- Equipment Account no. 54 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Adjusting | 26 | 5,250 | 5,250 | ||
31 | Closing | 27 | 5,250 |
Account: Supplies Expenses Account no. 55 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Adjusting | 26 | 5,150 | 5,150 | ||
31 | Closing | 27 | 5,150 |
Account: Depreciation Expense- Trucks Account no. 56 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 31 | Adjusting | 26 | 4,000 | 4,000 | ||
31 | Closing | 27 | 4,000 |
Account: Insurance expense Account no. 57 | ||||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | |||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |||||||
2019 | ||||||||
January | 31 | Adjusting | 26 | 3,150 | 3,150 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 3,150 | |||||
Account: Miscellaneous expense Account no. 59 | |||||||
Date | Item | Post. Ref |
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | Balance | ||
Debit ($) | Credit ($) | ||||||
2019 | |||||||
January | 1 | Balance | ✓ | 5,450 | |||
31 | Closing | 27 | 5,450 |
2.
To enter: The unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet, and complete the spreadsheet.
Explanation of Solution
The unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet is prepared as follows:
Table (1)
Hence, the unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet is prepared and completed.
3.
To Journalize and post: The adjusting entries.
Explanation of Solution
The adjusting entries are journalized as follows:
Date | Description |
Post Ref. | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |
2019 | Wages expense | 51 | 900 | ||
January | 31 | Wages payable | 22 | 900 | |
(To record the wages accrued) |
Table (2)
Explanation:
- Wages expense is an expense account, and it is increased. Hence, debit the wages expense account by $900.
- Wages payable is a liability account, and it is increased. Hence, credit the wages payable account by $900.
Date | Description |
Post Ref. | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |
2019 | Depreciation expense-Equipment | 54 | 5,250 | ||
January | 31 | Accumulated depreciation- Equipment | 17 | 5,250 | |
(To record the equipment depreciation) |
Table (3)
Explanation:
- Depreciation expense is an expense account, and it is increased. Hence, debit the wages expense account by $5,250.
- Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset account, and it is increased. Hence, credit the accumulated depreciation account by $5,250.
Date | Description |
Post Ref. | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |
2019 | Depreciation expense-Truck | 56 | 4,000 | ||
January | 31 | Accumulated depreciation- Truck | 19 | 4,000 | |
(To record the truck depreciation) |
Table (4)
Explanation:
- Depreciation expense is an expense account, and it is increased. Hence, debit the wages expense account by $4,000.
- Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset account, and it is increased. Hence, credit the accumulated depreciation account by $4,000.
Date | Description |
Post Ref. | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |
2019 | Supplies expense | 55 | 5,150 | ||
January | 31 |
Supplies
| 13 | 5,150 | |
(To record the supplies expense) |
Table (5)
Explanation:
- Supplies expense is an expense account, and it is increased. Hence, debit the supplies expense account by $5,150.
- Supplies are the asset account, and it is increased. Hence, credit the supplies account by $5,150.
Date | Description |
Post Ref. | Debit ($) | Credit ($) | |
2019 | Insurance expense | 57 | 3,150 | ||
January | 31 | Prepaid insurance | 14 | 3,150 | |
(To record the insurance expense) |
Table (6)
Explanation:
- Insurance expense is an expense account, and it is increased. Hence, debit the insurance expense account by $3,150.
- Prepaid insurance is an asset account, and it is decreased. Hence, credit the prepaid insurance account by $3,150.
4.
To prepare: An adjusted trial balance for R interiors, as of January 31, 2019.
Explanation of Solution
Prepare an adjusted trial balance for R interiors, as of January 31, 2019.
R interiors | |||
Adjusted Trial Balance | |||
January 31, 2019 | |||
Accounts | Account Number | Debit Balances | Credit Balances |
Cash | 11 | 13,100 | |
Supplies | 13 | 2,850 | |
Prepaid Insurance | 14 | 4,350 | |
Equipment | 16 | 113,000 | |
Accumulated depreciation- Equipment | 17 | 17,250 | |
Trucks | 18 | 90,000 | |
Accumulated depreciation- Trucks | 19 | 31,100 | |
Accounts payable | 21 | 4,500 | |
Wages Payable | 22 | 900 | |
JM, Capital | 31 | 126,400 | |
JM, Drawing | 32 | 3,000 | |
Service revenue | 41 | 155,000 | |
Wages expense | 51 | 72,900 | |
Rent expense | 52 | 7,600 | |
Truck Expense | 53 | 5,350 | |
Depreciation Expense- Equipment | 54 | 5,250 | |
Supplies expense | 55 | 5,150 | |
Depreciation Expense- Trucks | 56 | 4,000 | |
Insurance Expense | 57 | 3,150 | |
Miscellaneous Expense | 59 | 5,450 | |
335,150 | 335,150 |
Table (7)
The debit column and credit column of the adjusted trial balance are agreed, both having balance of $335,150.
5.
Explanation of Solution
The net income of R interiors for the month of January is $46,150.
R interiors | ||
Income Statement | ||
For the year ended January 31, 2019 | ||
Particulars | Amount ($) | Amount ($) |
Revenue: | ||
Laundry revenue | $155,000 | |
Expenses: | ||
Wages Expense | $72,900 | |
Rent Expense | 7,600 | |
Truck Expense | 5,350 | |
Depreciation Expense-Equipment | 5,250 | |
Supplies Expense | 5,150 | |
Depreciation Expense-Trucks | 4,000 | |
Insurance Expense | 3,150 | |
Miscellaneous Expense | 5,450 | |
Total Expenses | 108,850 | |
Net Income | $46,150 |
Table (8)
Hence, the net income of R interiors for the year ended January 31, 2019 is $46,150.
6.
To Journalize: The closing entries for R interiors.
Explanation of Solution
Closing entry for revenue and expense accounts:
Date | Accounts title and Explanation | Post Ref. |
Debit ($) |
Credit ($) |
January 31, 2019 | Service Revenue | 41 | 155,000 | |
Wages Expense | 51 | 72,900 | ||
Rent Expense | 52 | 7,600 | ||
Truck Expense | 53 | 5,350 | ||
Depreciation Expense- Equipment | 54 | 5,250 | ||
Supplies Expense | 55 | 5,150 | ||
Depreciation Expense- Trucks | 56 | 4,000 | ||
Insurance Expense | 57 | 3,150 | ||
Miscellaneous Expense | 59 | 5,450 | ||
JM, Capital | 31 | 46,150 | ||
(To close the revenues and expenses account. Then the balance amount are transferred to owners’ capital account) | ||||
January 31 | JM’s Capital | 31 | 3,000 | |
JM’ Drawing | 32 | 3,000 | ||
(To Close the capital and drawings account) |
Table (11)
Explanation:
- Service revenue is revenue account. Since the amount of revenue is closed, and transferred to JM’s capital account. Here, R interiors earned an income of $155,000. Therefore, it is debited.
- Wages Expense, Rent Expense, Insurance Expense, Utilities Expense, Laundry Supplies Expense, Depreciation Expense, JM Capital, and Miscellaneous Expense are expense accounts. Since the amount of expenses are closed to Income Summary account. Therefore, it is credited.
- Owner’s capital is a component of owner’s equity. Thus, owners ‘equity is debited since the capital is decreased on owners’ drawings.
- Owner’s drawings are a component of owner’s equity. It is credited because the balance of owners’ drawing account is transferred to owners ‘capital account
7.
To prepare: The post–closing trial balance of R interiors for the month ended January 31, 2019.
Explanation of Solution
Prepare a post–closing trial balance of R interiors for the month ended January 31, 2019 as follows:
R interiors Post-closing Trial Balance January 31, 2019 | |||
Particulars |
Account Number | Debit $ | Credit $ |
Cash | 11 | 13,100 | |
Supplies | 13 | 2,850 | |
Prepaid insurance | 14 | 4,350 | |
Equipment | 16 | 113,000 | |
Accumulated depreciation- Equipment | 17 | 17,250 | |
Trucks | 18 | 90,000 | |
Accumulated depreciation- Trucks | 19 | 31,100 | |
Accounts payable | 21 | 4,500 | |
Wages payable | 22 | 900 | |
JM’s Capital | 31 | 169,550 | |
Total | 223,300 | 223,300 |
Table (12)
The debit column and credit column of the post–closing trial balance are agreed, both having balance of $223,300.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Accounting
- Worksheet Victoria Company has the following account balances on December 31, 2019, prior to any adjustments: Additional adjustment information: (a) depreciation on buildings, 1,100; on equipment, 600; (b) bad debts expense, 240; (c) interest accumulated but not paid: on note payable, 50; on mortgage payable, 530 (this interest is due during the next accounting period); (d) insurance expired, 175; (e) salaries accrued but not paid 370; (f) rent was collected in advance and the performance obligation is now satisfied, 800; (g) office supplies cm hand at year-end, 230 (expensed when originally purchased earlier in the year); and (h) the income tax rate is 30% on current income and is payable in the first quarter of 2020. Required: 1. Transfer the account balances to a 10-column worksheet and prepare a trial balance. 2. Prepare the adjusting entries in the general journal and complete the worksheet. 3. Prepare the companys income statement, retained earnings statement, and balance sheet. 4. Prepare closing entries in the general journal.arrow_forwardPrepare adjusting journal entries, as needed, considering the account balances excerpted from the unadjusted trial balance and the adjustment data. A. supplies actual count at year end, $6,500 B. remaining unexpired insurance, $6,000 C. remaining unearned service revenue, $1,200 D. salaries owed to employees, $2,400 E. depreciation on property plant and equipment, $18,000arrow_forwardLedger accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-of-period spreadsheet The unadjusted trial balance of Recessive Interiors at January 31, 20Y2, the end of the year, follows: The data needed to determine year-end adjustments are as follows: (a) Supplies on hand at January 31 are 2,850. (b) Insurance premiums expired during the year are 3,150. (c) Depreciation of equipment during the year is 5,250. (d) Depreciation of trucks during the year is 4,000. (e) Wages accrued but not paid at January 31 are 900. Instructions 1. For each account listed in the unadjusted trial balance, enter the balance in the appropriate Balance column of a four-column account and place a check mark () in the Posting Reference column. 2. (Optional) Enter the unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet and complete the spreadsheet. Add the accounts listed in part (3) as needed. 3. Journalize and post the adjusting entries, inserting balances in the accounts affected. Record the adjusting entries on Page 26 of the journal. The following additional accounts from Recessive Interiors chart of accounts should be used: Wages Payable, 22; Depreciation Expense Equipment, 54; Supplies Expense, 55; Depreciation ExpenseTrucks, 56; Insurance Expense, 57. 4. Prepare an adjusted trial balance. 5. Prepare an income statement, a statement of stockholders equity, and a balance sheet. During the year ended January 31, 20Y2, additional common stock of 7,500 was issued. 6. Journalize and post the closing entries. Record the closing entries on Page 27 of the journal. Indicate closed accounts by inserting a line in both Balance columns opposite the closing entry. 7. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.arrow_forward
- Reversing Entries On December 31, 2019, Kellams Company made the following adjusting entries for its annual accounting period: Required: Prepare whatever reversing entries are appropriate.arrow_forwardAdjusting Entries At the end of 2019, Richards Company prepared a trial balance, recorded and posted its adjusting entries, and then prepared an adjusted trial balance. Selected accounts and account balances from the trial balance and adjusted trial balance are as follow: Required: 1. Next Level By comparing the partial trial balance to the partial adjusted trill balance, determine the adjusting; entries that the company made on December 31, 2019 Prepare your answer in general journal form. 2. Assuming that the company uses reversing entries, indicate which adjusting entries should be reversed.arrow_forwardPrepare adjusting journal entries, as needed, considering the account balances excerpted from the unadjusted trial balance and the adjustment data. A. depreciation on buildings and equipment, $17,500 B. advertising still prepaid at year end, $2,200 C. interest due on notes payable, $4,300 D. unearned rental revenue, $6,900 E. interest receivable on notes receivable, $1,200arrow_forward
- Reece Financial Services Co., which specializes in appliance repair services, is owned and operated by Joni Reece. Reece Financial Services accounting clerk prepared the following unadjusted trial balance at July 31, 2019: The data needed to determine year-end adjustments are as follows: Depreciation of building for the year, 6,400. Depreciation of equipment for the year, 2,800. Accrued salaries and wages at July 31, 900. Unexpired insurance at July 31, 1,500. Fees earned but unbilled on July 31, 10,200. Supplies on hand at July 31, 615. Rent unearned at July 31, 300. Instructions 1. Journalize the adjusting entries using the following additional accounts: Salaries and Wages Payable, Rent Revenue, Insurance Expense, Depreciation ExpenseBuilding, Depreciation ExpenseEquipment, and Supplies Expense. 2. Determine the balances of the accounts affected by the adjusting entries and prepare an adjusted trial balance.arrow_forwardT accounts, adjusting entries, financial statements, and closing entries; optional end-of-period spreadsheet The unadjusted trial balance of La Mesa Laundry at August 31, 20Y5, the end of the fiscal year, follows: The data needed to determine year-end adjustments are as follows: (a) Wages accrued but not paid at August 31 are 2,200. (b) Depreciation of equipment during the year is 8,150. (c) Laundry supplies on hand at August 31 are 2,000. (d) Insurance premiums expired during the year are 5,300. Instructions 1. For each account listed in the unadjusted trial balance, enter the balance in a T account. Identify the balance as Aug. 31 Bal. In addition, add T accounts for Wages Payable, Depreciation Expense, Laundry Supplies Expense, and Insurance Expense. 2. (Optional) Enter the unadjusted trial balance on an end-of-period spreadsheet and complete the spreadsheet. Add the accounts listed in part (1) as needed. 3. Journalize and post the adjusting entries. Identify the adjustments by Adj. and the new balances as Adj. Bal. 4. Prepare an adjusted trial balance. 5. Prepare an income statement, a statement of stockholders equity, and a balance sheet. During the year ended August 31, 20Y5, common stock of 3,000 was issued. 6. Journalize and post the closing entries. Identify the closing entries by Clos. 7. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.arrow_forwardPrepare journal entries to record the business transaction and related adjusting entry for the following: A. March 1, paid cash for one year premium on insurance contract, $18,000 B. December 31, remaining unexpired balance of insurance, $3,000arrow_forward
- Reviewing insurance policies revealed that a single policy was purchased on March 1, for one years coverage, in the amount of $9,000. There was no previous balance in the Prepaid Insurance account at that time. Based on the information provided, A. Make the December 31 adjusting journal entry to bring the balances to correct. B. Show the impact that these transactions had.arrow_forwardPrepare adjusting journal entries, as needed, considering the account balances excerpted from the unadjusted trial balance and the adjustment data. A. amount due for employee salaries, $4,800 B. actual count of supplies inventory, $ 2,300 C. depreciation on equipment, $3,000arrow_forward
- Financial And Managerial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337902663Author:WARREN, Carl S.Publisher:Cengage Learning,Financial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337272124Author:Carl Warren, James M. Reeve, Jonathan DuchacPublisher:Cengage LearningIntermediate Accounting: Reporting And AnalysisAccountingISBN:9781337788281Author:James M. Wahlen, Jefferson P. Jones, Donald PagachPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Make...AccountingISBN:9781305654174Author:Gary A. Porter, Curtis L. NortonPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Accounting Volume 1AccountingISBN:9781947172685Author:OpenStaxPublisher:OpenStax College