An important issue in assessing nuclear energy is whether excess disease risks exist in the communities surrounding nuclear-power plants. A study undertaken in the community surrounding Hanford, Washington, looked at the prevalence of selected congenital malformations in the counties surrounding the nuclear-test facility [9].
Suppose 27 cases of Down’s syndrome are found and only 19 are expected based on Birth Defects Monitoring Program prevalence estimates in the states of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon. Are there significant excess cases in the area around the nuclear-power plant?
Suppose 12 cases of cleft palate are observed, whereas only 7 are expected based on Birth Defects Monitoring Program estimates.
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Chapter 4 Solutions
Fundamentals of Biostatistics
- What is meant by the sample space of an experiment?arrow_forwardFor a two-factor ANOVA with two levels of factor A, two levels of factor B, and a separate sample of n = 8 participants in each treatment condition, the two means for level A1 are 3 and 5, and the two means for level A2 are 4 and 2. For these data, what is the value of SSbetween treatments?arrow_forwardCaroll, Gail, and Lubin (1993) describe a case–control study in which 39 women with cervical cancer and 76 women without cervical cancer were screened for exposure to Herpes simplex virus. Investigators expect that roughly 30% of the controls will have Herpes simplex virus exposure, and expect under their alternative hypothesis to see an elevated proportion of the cases to have Herpes simplex virus exposure, with an odds ratio of 1.4. a. Calculate the power for detecting an effect this large for a one-sided test of size .025. b. Suppose that the investigators wanted 80% power under the above alternative, and planned to use the same number of cases and controls. How many women would be necessary in each group? c. Suppose that the investigators wanted 80% power under the above alternative, and planned to use ten times as many controls as cases. How many women would be necessary in each group? Compare your answer to part (b).arrow_forward
- Landolt et al. (A-26) examined rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mothers and fathers. Parents were interviewed 5 to 6 weeks after an accident or a new diagnosis of cancer or diabetes mellitus type I for their child. Twenty-eight of the 175 fathers interviewed and 43 of the 180 mothers interviewed met the criteria for current PTSD. Is there sufficient evidence for us to conclude that fathers are less likely to develop PTSD than mothers when a child is traumatized by an accident, cancer diagnosis, or diabetes diagnosis? Let alpha = 0.05arrow_forwardIn a research to study the gender differences in receiving Lidocaine therapy in Acure Myocardial infarction (AMI) patients older than 75 years who have a history of hypertension and strokes, there were 81 patients in total (30 males and 51 females). The following table provides the outcomes. Therapy Gender Receive Not receive Total Male 8 22 30 Female 16 35 51 Total 24 57 81 According to the hypothesis that there is no association between receive Lidocaine therapy and gender, what does the minimum expected cell count in this table? Based on the answer to part a, which test should you use to test the hypothesis of no association between receive Lidocaine therapy and gender? Test the hypothesis whether the receiving Lidocaine therapy is independent of their gender at .05 significance level. Find the critical value and p-value, respectively. Therapy Gender Receive Not receive Total Male 2 28 30…arrow_forwardFor a two-factor ANOVA with two levels of factor A, two levels of factor B, and a separate sample of n = 5 participants in each treatment condition, the two means for level A1 are 6 and 8, and the two means for level A2 are 6 and 10. For these data, what is the value of SSB?arrow_forward
- In a study of whether taking a garlic supplement reduces the risk of getting a cold, participants were assigned to either a garlic supplement group or to a group that did not take a garlic supplement.† Based on the study, it was concluded that the proportion of people taking a garlic supplement who get a cold is lower than the proportion of those not taking a garlic supplement who get a cold. Do you think that the study was conducted in a reasonable way? What additional information would you want in order to evaluate this study? (Select all that apply.) A) whether the patients knew which treatment they were receiving B) whether the patients were randomly assigned to the treatments C) whether the patient's last name started with A through M D) whether the patient's cold lasted more than a week E) whether the experiment was conducted on a sufficient number of patients so that the differences observed could not be attributed to chancearrow_forwardAccording to the following data: CFR Covid Case Fatality Rate 2020 CFR Covid Case Fatality Rate 2022 World 2.32 1.24 China 5.32 2.75 Italy 3.49 1.04 USA 1.79 1.23 New York 3.74 1.32 Louisiana 2.20 1.39 What might be the likely changes in test sensitivity vs. specificity, population mobility and behavior (quarantine), and population demographics when comparing CFR Covid cases from 2020 vs. 2022?arrow_forwardA report summarizes a survey of people in two independent random samples. One sample consisted of 700 young adults (aged 19 to 35) and the other sample consisted of 200 parents of children aged 19 to 35. The young adults were presented with a variety of situations (such as getting married or buying a house) and were asked if they thought that their parents were likely to provide financial support in that situation. The parents of young adults were presented with the same situations and asked if they would be likely to provide financial support to their child in that situation. 1. When asked about getting married, 41% of the young adults said they thought parents would provide financial support and 43% of the parents said they would provide support. Carry out a hypothesis test to determine if there is convincing evidence that the proportion of young adults who think parents would provide financial support and the proportion of parents who say they would provide support are different.…arrow_forward
- A report summarizes a survey of people in two independent random samples. One sample consisted of 700 young adults (aged 19 to 35) and the other sample consisted of 200 parents of children aged 19 to 35. The young adults were presented with a variety of situations (such as getting married or buying a house) and were asked if they thought that their parents were likely to provide financial support in that situation. The parents of young adults were presented with the same situations and asked if they would be likely to provide financial support to their child in that situation. 1. The report stated that the proportion of young adults who thought parents would help with buying a house or apartment was 0.37. For the sample of parents, the proportion who said they would help with buying a house or an apartment was 0.27. Based on these data, can you conclude that the proportion of parents who say they would help with buying a house or an apartment is significantly less than the proportion…arrow_forwardA low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence that the current government mandated shut down of society is not causing people's mental health to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if the expert says is necessary. He pulls a random sample of 1600 citizens, Gathering data on such items as income loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, our spent binge watching Netflix, and number of injuries caused by household fight, and compiles all this into a significantly-weighted "misery index". The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use a population standard deviation o=19.1. A. Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that the Nationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null and alternative hypothesis, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the p-value, and state your conclusion.arrow_forwardResearchers studying the link between prenatal vitamin use and autism surveyed the mothers of a random sample of children aged 24 - 60 months with autism and conducted another separate random sample for children with typical development. The table below shows the number of mothers in each group who did and did not use prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy (periconceptional period). (Schmidt, 2011) Autism Typical Development Total No vitamin 111 70 181 Vitamin 143 159 302 Total 254 229 483 Complete the hypothesis test and state an appropriate conclusion.What is the value of the test statistic for this test? (Please round to two decimal places) What is the p-value associated with this test? (Please round to four decimal places)arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillCollege Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning