Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 41, Problem 3TYU
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3. Which of the following occurs first when voltage reaches the threshold level in a neuron plasma membrane? (a) voltageactivated Na+ channels open (b) K+ channels open (c) the membrane hyperpolarizes (d) neurotransmitter is released (e) K+ channels close
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1. When a neuron is not generating an action potential, its membrane (the neurolemma) has a resting membrane potential. During rest, are gated Na+ and K+ channels (open? closed?)___________________________________.2. Only cells with “excitable membranes” can create action potentials. The two types of cells in the body that can do this are?___________________________________ and ___________________________________.3. Which event pushes a membrane further away from being able to generate another action potential: (hyperpolarization/depolarization /repolarization)?___________________________________.4. Short-lived, localized changes in polarity in the membrane of a neuron are called?___________________________________.5. During depolarization, which channels are open , Na+ or K+?___________________________________.
1. Now assume that you have a typical neuron that has very few Na+ channels open relative to the number of K+ channels. This is the condition of a neuron that is at rest. What will the resting membrane potential be?
2. Suppose a neuron’s resting potential is -70 mV. What will happen to the membrane potential if you could
open more K+ channels
open more Na+ channels
1. The graph above represent time in milliseconds. At what time (in milliseconds) is the inside of the neuron the most positive and why?
2. Explain why the membrane potential changes at X
3. Explain what is happening at point C to the sodium and potassium ions and how this is affecting the membrane potential
4. Describe two things that contribute to the resting membrane potential
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 41.1 - Describe the processes involved in neural...Ch. 41.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.2 - Draw and label a typical neuron and give the...Ch. 41.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 41.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 4LOCh. 41.3 - Prob. 5LO
Ch. 41.3 - Prob. 6LOCh. 41.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 41.4 - Prob. 7LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 8LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 9LOCh. 41.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.4 - How are EPSPs produced? IPSPs?Ch. 41.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 41.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 41.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 41.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 41.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 41.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 41 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 1....Ch. 41 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 41 - Test Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3....Ch. 41 - Saltatory conduction (a) requires more energy than...Ch. 41 - Receptors for serotonin and many other...Ch. 41 - A presynaptic neuron in the cerebrum transmits...Ch. 41 - VISUALIZE Describe the action taking place at each...Ch. 41 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.arrow_forward3. In a lab a neuron is stimulated by various electrical charges with the following results: 10mV no action potential, 20 mV action potential, 30 mV action potential, 40 mV action potential. What is the threshold potential? A. 10 mV B. 20 mV C. 30 mV D. 40 mVarrow_forward1.) In an experiment you artificially cut in half (~50% reduction) the number of voltage gated sodium channels that are located on the membrane of the axon hillock. Which of the following is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation? A. Summation of more IPSPs would be required for an action potential to occur B. This change would have no effect on the value required to reach threshold C. Even with a very large number of summating EPSPs it would be impossible for an action potential to occur D. The value to reach threshold would be higher (more positive) making it less likely for an action potential to occur E. All of the above statements are FALSEarrow_forward
- 1.show that the Mcculloch_Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal neuron(I. ا, neuron using a sigmoid activation function with large synaptic weights 2.Show that a linear neuron may be approximated by a sigmoidal neuron with small synaptic weights.arrow_forward4. Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest? a. polarized b. depolarized c. hyperpolarized d. repolarized e. sympolarizedarrow_forwardAction potentials and graded potentials both…A) Propagate long distances through neural structures, without attenuation in their amplitude.B) Can directly excite or inhibit neurons.C) Can propagate at speeds of up to 120 meters per second.D) Involve voltage-gated Nav and Kv channels.E) Are capable of triggering synaptic exocytosis in neurons of the vertebrate retinaarrow_forward
- Using your knowledge of the central nervous system and various cell-cell interactions, identify the key type(s) of cell junctions in the human cerebral cortex tissue. Briefly describe the function of these cell junctions. How would the function of the central nervous system be impaired if your above identified cell junctions were disrupted?arrow_forward4 Which of the following would be an example of spatial summation that produces a depolarizing effect at the postsynaptic neuron? Resting membrane potential is -70 mV and threshold is -55 mV. Group of answer choices IPSP of 10 from neuron A followed in close succession by a 2nd IPSP of 5 from neuron A Simultaneous application of an IPSP of 5 from neuron A and an IPSP of 10 from neuron B Simultaneous application of an EPSP of 5 from neuron A and an EPSP of 10 from neuron B EPSP of 10 from neuron A followed in close succession by a 2nd EPSP of 5 from neuron Aarrow_forwardNeuron 1 fires an action potential, releasing neurotransmitters to neuron 2. However, neuron 2 does not fire an action potential itself. Write: Explain two possible reasons for neuron 2 not firing.arrow_forward
- 3. Fluorescent FM dyes partition reversibly into biological membranes withoutpenetrating through them. Suppose that you have neurons cultured in a dish. Youincubate the neurons with an FM dye, and then you wash them with medium toremove the dye.a) You find that if the neurons are stimulated to trigger action potentials duringincubation with the dye, the synaptic regions of the neurons remain fluorescentafter the wash. Propose an explanation for this effect.b) After generating fluorescent synaptic regions by this procedure, suppose that youtrigger additional action potentials while continuing to wash with medium. Wouldyou expect the synaptic regions to lose fluorescence? Explain.arrow_forwardQuick question on the process of movement Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the peripheral neurons lose their myelin sheath. In this disease, voluntary movement of the limbs is slowed because; Pick the ones that are true the rate of opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels is decreased. the generation of the action potential is blocked at points along the unmyelinated region due to the absence of voltage-gated channels the action potential amplitude is degraded at the Nodes of Ranvier of the peripheral neuron. The Schwann cells are targeted and destroyed by the immune system, affecting saltatory propagation. the rate of opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels is decreased.arrow_forwardView the University of Michigan Webscope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments, bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain that makes them the deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?arrow_forward
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The Cell Membrane; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsffT7XIXbA;License: Standard youtube license