Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134895727
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 41.4, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? Based on MacArthur and Wilson’s island equilibrium model, how would you expect the richness of birds on islands to compare with the richness of snakes and lizards? Explain.
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. Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation? With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)? Ecologically explain this result.
If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition.
Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation?
Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?
Think about a predator-prey system that perfectly follows Lotka-Volterra dynamics.
The search efficiency parameter (a) represents how quickly the predator finds and
kills its prey. What would happen if most the predator population had a parasite that
made them less effective predators? Infected animals find and kill prey less
frequently (that is, the parasite caused the value of the search efficiency parameter
to decline).
the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would
increase
Othe populations would no longer cycle; the prey would increase and the predator
would go extinct
the populations would no longer cycle; the prey would go extinct and the
predator would increase
the populations would still cycle; the amplitude of prey and predator would
decline
the predator and prey populations would no longer cycle; the parasite and the
predator populations would cycle instead
WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS In Batesianmimicry, a palatable species gains protection by mimickingan unpalatable one. Imagine that individuals of a palatable,brightly colored fly species are blown to three remote islands.The first island has no predators of that species; the second haspredators but no similarly colored, unpalatable species; and thethird has both predators and a similarly colored, unpalatablespecies. In a short essay (100–150 words), predict what mighthappen to the coloration of the palatable species on each islandthrough time if coloration is a genetically controlled trait.Explain your predictions
Chapter 41 Solutions
Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
Ch. 41.1 - Explain how interspecific competition, predation,...Ch. 41.1 - According to the principle of competitive...Ch. 41.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Figure 22.13 illustrates how a...Ch. 41.2 - What two components contribute to species...Ch. 41.2 - How is a food chain different from a food web?Ch. 41.2 - WHAT IF? Consider a grassland with five trophic...Ch. 41.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Rising atmospheric CO2 levels...Ch. 41.3 - Why do high and low levels of disturbance usually...Ch. 41.3 - During succession, how might the early species...Ch. 41.3 - WHAT IF? Most prairies experience regular fires,...
Ch. 41.4 - Describe two hypotheses that explain why species...Ch. 41.4 - Describe how an islands size and distance from the...Ch. 41.4 - WHAT IF? Based on MacArthur and Wilsons island...Ch. 41.5 - What are pathogens?Ch. 41.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 41 - The feeding relationships among the species in a...Ch. 41 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 41 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 41 - Community 1 contains 100 individuals distributed...Ch. 41 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 41 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY An ecologist studying plants in...Ch. 41 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Explain why adaptations of...Ch. 41 - FOCUS ON INFORMATION In Bateslan mimicry, a...Ch. 41 - Prob. 9TYU
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- Discuss the pros and cons,in energetic terms,of (i) being a generalist as opposed to a specialist predator, and (ii) being a sit–and –wait predator as opposed to an active forager?arrow_forwardThe relationship between predator and prey populations has been studied by computer simulation using equations which form part of a mathematical model devised by Lotka and Volterra. The data in Table 6.10 show the results of such a simulation when the prey population begins with 20 individuals and the predator population begins with six individuals. 1.Explain why the peaks in the predator population occur after those in the prey population. 2. This simulation assumes one prey species and one predator species in an imaginary ecosystem and is based on mathematical equations. Why is it likely to be too simplistic to describe accurately what happens in nature?arrow_forwardWhat would you conclude after comparing the survivorship of the ground squirrel and the finch? Multiple Choice Both have very large numbers of offspring. Both die primarily of old age. Both suffer high predation throughout the lifespan. They represent different survivorship types.arrow_forward
- 1) Think back to the example of ovenbird evoluon in South America. Ovenbirds are a diverse family of small, insect-eang birds that live mainly in South America. Different ovenbird species have adapted to rocky ocean shorelines, snowy mountains, scorched deserts and tropical rainforests. Like finches, ovenbirds have a variety of beak sizes and shapes, an important indicator of food preference that makes them ideal for studying evoluon. In ovenbirds, "some [beaks] are long and down-curved, like a scythe, for probing into crevices in tree bark and others have short dagger-like bills." What conclusions did the researchers reach? A) ovenbirds are diverse because they do not share any common ancestors B) ovenbirds because successful because they are not native to the area and could easily colonize the area C) birds have different beaks that help them exploit different resources and avoid competition 2) One ant species from Africa is best at competing for space, but is worse at colonizing a…arrow_forwardDo the following two hypothesis supports their graphs? Explain. Figure 1: The hypothesis for novice vs. experienced foraging is that animals who have been foraging for ages should have a greater chance of survival than beginner foragers since they are more skilled and invest less time looking for food. Figure 2: The hypothesis behind the impact of Prey camouflage is that if animals, especially novice foragers, take too much time searching, they are visible to predators for long durations, providing a better chance to attack.arrow_forwardGiven the food web below where predator preferences are indicated using strong (thick arrow) and weak (think arrow) interactions, and the competition coefficients provided, indicate which relationship between predator density and prey diversity you would expect. A Food web Predator Predator density Predator density Prey 1 Prey 2 Prey 3 Competition coefficients a12 = 0.6 a21 = 0.1 a31 = 0.1 a13 = 1.2 a23 = 1.2 az2 = 0.2 Predator density Predator density A В Previous Next 7:50 AM o search 日 29°F Clear ENG 11/4/2021 Prey diversity Prey diversity Prey diversity Prey diversityarrow_forward
- With respect to the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, which of the following statements is most likely true? Under this model, it is possible for a predator to drive its prey to extinction. All of the statements are true. Non of the statements is true. This model predicts neutrally-stable predator-prey cycles, as opposed to a stable equilibrium. O In this model, an increase in searching efficiency (a) will increase the maximum prey population.arrow_forwardEndler (1980) set up two experiments, one in the greenhouse and one in the field to test the influences of mate choice and predation in determining colorfulness of male guppies. Identify the roles of mate choice and predation in determining colorfulness of male guppies. Identify the advantage and shortcomings of the greenhouse experiments. Identify the advantages and shortcomings of field experiments along the Aripo River. Identify other factors, especially physical and chemical factors, might influence male color.arrow_forward3c: How could the total road kills go down, as the nests are going up? (Nests are something scientists use to estimate the size of adult swallows surviving long enough to reproduce.) 3d: What about the environment contributes to a change in the average wing length in the cliff swallow population over generations? 3e: What is the role of natural selection in explaining the change in average wing length in the population over generations?arrow_forward
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