Concept explainers
Introduction: “Adaptive immunity” has “humoral response” and “cell-mediated response”. The humoral response is produced by the antibodies against the “pathogens in body fluids”. The cell-mediated response is produced by cytotoxic cells. The antibodies and cytotoxic cells are derived from lymphocytes. The lymphocytes develop from the bone marrow. Some lymphocytes undergo maturation in bone marrow itself, which are called as “B Lymphocytes”. The other remaining lymphocytes mature in thymus and are called as “T Lymphocytes”. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells are derived from “T Lymphocytes”. The macrophages are the “antigen-presenting cells” and activate the “T-helper” cells.
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Chapter 43 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
- Which of the following is not a DNA virus?(a) Adenovirus (d) Herpesvirus(b) Poxvirus (e) Orthomyxovirus(c) Papovavirusarrow_forwardWhich of the following could not be used a a host cell receptor for viral entry? a.) LPS on bacterial cells b.) Surface glycoproteins on human cells c.)Flagella d.) Ribosomesarrow_forwardWhat is one reason SARS-CoV-2 can remain undetected in a person? a.)it isn't able to replicate unless you are also sick with another type of virus b.)its genome produces proteins that prevent our immune system from noticing it c.)it causes your immune system to shut down d.)it is prevented from infecting a cell for one year after entering your bodyarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is not correct forviruses?(a) Viruses are obligate parasites.(b) Viruses can multiply only when they are inside theliving cells.(c) Viruses cannot pass through bacterial filters.(d) Viruses are made up of protein and DNA or RNA(never both DNA and RNA). Please try to break the solutions into as many steps as practically possible and the steps should come one by one and they should be short and crisp and plagiarism-free.arrow_forwardLet’s say there are two closely related viruses, let’s call them Guernsey virus and Micro virus. These two viruses only infect epithelial cells. Their surface antigens are sufficiently similar that there are a number of shared epitopes between the two viruses. Choose one of the following: A) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s quite possible that you’ll have neutralizing antibodies against the other. B) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, you’ll still be susceptible to the other one because the antigens aren’t exactly the same. C) If you get infected and successfully recover from one virus, it’s likely that getting infected with the other virus will be worse because of the common phenomena of antibody-dependent enhancement. D) Not enough information has been given.arrow_forwardThis is a hypothetical scenario. A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!arrow_forward
- (Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting oxygen but contain little else. They lack a nucleus and most organelles. Are red blood cells more or less likely to be infected by a virus? a) More likely b) Less likely 2) How does SARS-COV-2 genetic material get replicated? a) Host cell DNA polymerase b) Host cell RNA polymerase c) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and built in the host cell d) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and originated from the virus 3) How does SARS-COV-2 proteins get built? a) The host cell's ribosome b) Ribosome encoded for by viral genome and built in host cellarrow_forwardWhich of the following are activities that a virus particle (a virion) cannot accomplish by itself? Select all that apply. a) Extract energy from food molecules b) Synthesis of capsid proteins c) Generate ATP d) Binding to a host cell e) Replication of the viral genomearrow_forwardInfluenza vaccines must be changed yearly because the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins change gradually over time. Based on this information, which is the most logical conclusion? The influenza virusa) is enveloped. b) is non-enveloped.c) has a DNA genome. d) has an RNA genome.e) causes a persistent infection.arrow_forward
- Decreasing the amount of cytokine produced by the body would most directly prevent what event during the progression of COVID-19 in its host? A). Early viral infection of host cells. B). Replication of infected cells. C). Excessive damage to lung cells by the hot immune system. D). Transmission of the virus from one host to another.arrow_forwardThe life cycle of which of these viruses depends on reverse transcriptase? A)HPV, a DNA virus B)HIV, a (+)RNA retrovirus C)SARS-Cov-2, a (+) RNA virus D)Influenza, a (–) RNA virusarrow_forwardViruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct definition Antigenic drift [ Choose ] [Choose ] Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens Antigenic shift The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sitesarrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning
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